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Ll UniversaliJurisdiction Annual.Review™ Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review 2025 UpRights’ TABLE OF CONTENTS Methodology and Acknowledgements 5 2024 Highlights in the Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes| under Extraterritorial and Universal Jurisdiction s 2024 Key Findings 13 Cases in 2024 ARGENTINA 1 Victims and NGOs granted civil pary status in investigation of “false positives” crimes allegedly committe by former Colombian president Alvaro Uribe Vélez 1 Arrest warrants requested for Aung San Suu Kyl and 25 other Myanmar oficals ” Investigation nto crimes against humanity allegedly committed by Nicaraguan president and vice president during 2018 protests continues ® Arrest warrants issued fr Venezuelan president Nicolds Maduro, Minister of the Interior Diosdado Cabello, and 30 ather officials 1 Request rejected to terminate investigation into responsibilty of Rodolfo Martin Villa fo crimes against humanity allegedly committed during Franco dictatorship 2 Investigation opened nto genocide and crimes against humanity allegedly committed against the Uyghur people by members of the Chinese authorities 2 Follow-up on ther cases 2 AUSTRALIA 2 New evidence submitted inthe case of the Australian soldier charged with a war crime in Afghanistan 23 AUSTRIA 2» Followup on cases 3 BELGIUM % Investigation opened into Belgian-Israci national for alleged war crimes committed in Gaza % Rwandan national arrested or suspected participation in Rwandan genocide % Rwandan national convicted of genocide and war crimes while ancther Rwandan national s awaiting trial 25 Passing of ane of the two suspects during ongoing investigation ito the murder of Patrice Lumumba inthe Democratic Republic of the Congo. i Alleged leader of a former Syrian regime-afilated mia inicted in Belgium on charges of crimes. against humanity and war crimes 2 Investigation o alleged former Liberian armed group commander completed 2 Conviction of two Rwandan nationals for genocide and war crimes confirmed on appeal 2 Investigation completed of Belgian national idenifed during structural investigation of crimes committed against the Yaziis 2 Investigation of Rwandan national suspected o participation in Rwandan genocide 2 Rwandan businessman arrested over genocide and war crimes charges released from pre-trial detention whie investigation continues 2 Follow-up on othe cases Bl Ongoing structural investigation 3 CANADA a Canadian alleged former member of ISIS charged with war crimes in Iraq a FINLAND = Russian citizen on trial for war crimes allegedly commited in Ukraine 2 FRANCE % Functional immunity denied t the former governar of the Syrian Central Bank for charges of complicity in crimes against humanity and war crimes % Sentence of life imprisonment or three high-ranking Syrian officals complicit in crimes against humanity and war crimes 3 Technical expert appointed to carry out expert analysis on surveillance technology capacities within corporate accountability case of torture in Libya % Confirmation by the Court of Appeal of the arrest warrant against Bashar al-Assad for complicty in war crimes and crimes against humanity following 2013 chemical attacks El New civil party heard in case against the French bank BNP Paribas accused of complicity in international crimes in Sudan El Former Rwandan head of the Butare Center of Public Health sentenced to 27 years of imprisonment for complicity in genocide and crimes against humanity » ‘Three additional international arrest warrants issued against Syrian officals for complicty in war crimes 39 Verdict confirmed an appeal for the firs crimes against humanity conviction nthe context of the Liberian civil wars. “w Multinational Lafarge and ts former executives o stand trial for financing terrorism in Syria, investigation nto complicty in crimes against humanity continues @ French alleged former member of ISIS indicted for complicity in genocide and crimes against humanity committed against Yazidis @ Rwandan national charged with genocide and crimes against humanity “ Dismissal of case against former Chadian rebel armed group leader “ Former spokesperson of Syrian opposition armed group Jaysh al-Islam to be tied on complicity in war crimes charges. i Dismissal of the case against former head of IT at the United Nations Development Programme in Kigal, Rwanda “ Request for new investigative acts against a French alleged former member of ISIS suspected of genacide and crimes against humanity against Yazidis @ Submission filed by civil parties to request new indictments in a case against French surveillance company accused of complicity in torture and enforced disappearances in Egypt rl Conviction and fe sentence for a Rwandan former police ofice for crimes against humanity and genocide confirmed on appeal wo Upcoming rial of Congolese former minister and rebel armed group commander for crimes against humanity committed in 2002-2003 in DRC “ French alleged former member of ISIS sent to ral for genocide and crimes against humanity committed against Yazidi women and children El Appeal filed against the discontinuation of the investigation against several multinational garment companies targeted fo forced Labor of Uyghurs. st French coup, alleged members of SIS, to be tried for genocide and crimes against humanity committed against Yazidis 02 ‘Appeal tral dates set for Butare doctor convicted of genocide and crimes against humanity in Rwanda 52 Investigation opened ino killing of two French humanitarians in Ukraine 5 Investigations opened ino war crimes in Ukraine following the deaths of French journalists s Referral o the Supreme Court of the dismissal of the case against the French military for its responsibility in the Rwandan genocide s Follow-up on other cases ss Ongoing structural investigations. 5 GERMANY 5% Member of a former Syrian regime-afflated mila convicted of crimes against humanity and war crimes. 56. Trial against Syrian doctor for crimes against humanity continues into its fourth year 5 Trial of alleged former Hezbollah member for crimes against humanity and war crimes in Syria started 58 First two convictions for Syrian Stat torture upheld by Federal Court of Justice 58 German Supreme Court confirms fe sentence of former member of Gambian paramilitary group. forcrimes against humanity “0 Arrest of four suspacted members of a formar Syrian regime-affilated mila and one suspected Syrian Intelligence Officer for crimes against humanity and war crimes a Federal public prosecutor general refrains from opening investigation nto crimes under international aw for the kiling of German-Palestinian family in Gaza & Investigation opened into war crimes for the shooting of civilians in Ukraine & Conviction of a former member of a former Syrian regime-affilated mila for the war crime of degrading or humiliating treatment in Syria © Updates on various proceedings against alleged former ISIS members. Follow-up on other cases n Ongoing structural investigations 7 LITHUANIA n ‘Suspects identified in investigation of iling of Lithuanian filmmaker in Mariupol, Ukraine n Follow-up on other cases. 7 NETHERLANDS. ” ‘Acquitalfor wa crimes of an Afghan prison commander by Court of Appeal is now before the Supreme Court... 73 Dutch national arested or recruiting her minor son to join ISIS as child soldier % Call for witnesses issued during war crimes investigation of alleged security chie for Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIS. 74 First conviction for international crimes against the azidi i the Netherlands. ” Dutch former member of IIS convicted or taking her children to a war zone % Fist conviction inthe Netherlands of a member of a farmer Syrian regime-afiated milltia under appeal 76. Former Rwandan military offical arrested in the Netherlands. ” Dutch former member of SIS convicted or membership in a terrorist organization ” Dutch former member of ISIS acquited of war crimes but convicted of ather offenses on appeal ” Dutch police arrest Suriname-born Dutch national on suspicion of war crimes during Surinamese Interior War 79 Dutch national arrested fo his alleged involvement in Rwandan genocide ” Investigations continue in first-ever sexual violence charges brought against Syrian former member of pro-regime paramiltary group 0 Follow-up on other cases. 0 PORTUGAL. a First conviction in Portugal for war crimes committed by an alleged member of ISIS in Iraq a SPAIN 2 Investigation opened nto Spanish businessman for alleged participation inthe legal trade of blood diamonds during the civil war in Sierra Leone a2 SWEDEN 5 Trial continues of Swiss and Swedish il businessmen for complicity in Sudanese war crimes a Former Iranian official convicted of war crimes released in prisoner swap a ‘Swedish national on trial for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes against Yazids in Syria 85 Stockholm District Court acquis former Syrian general of war crimes. ™ Former member of Syrian opposition armed group convicted of war crimes for using a child under 151n a propaganda video. o Syrian national acquited of war crimes on the bass of insuficent evidence. 8 Three Swedish nationals detained on suspicion of war crimes and crimes against humanity n Syria 8 Follow-up on ther cases. 8 SWITZERLAND 0 Former Liberian rebel armed group commander files 2 petition with the Federal Supreme Court 0 Former Gambian Minister of Interior convicted of crimes against humanity 9 Former Syrian vice president indicted for war crimes and crimes against humanity 92 Follow-up on other cases. 9 UNITED KINGDOM % Five British soldiors investigated on suspicion of war crimes while on operations in Syria in 2022 % Rwandan national investigated on suspicion of genacide and crimes against humanity committed in Rwanda in 1994 9% Follow-up on other cases. 9% Ongoing structural investigations 95 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA % First United States indictment for war crimes committed in Ukraine. % Former Syrian intelligence officers charged with war crimes % Upcoming tia of alleged former member of the Junglrs on suspicion of tarture commited n The Gambia 97 Former United States contractor convicted and sentenced for torture committed in Iraq 9% Former head of Damascus Central Prison and governor of Deir e2-Zor charged with torture 9 Follow-up on other cases 100 Table of Cases 103 Who We Are "2 The present report reviews cases brought under three grounds of extraterritorial jurisdiction: the principle of universal jurisdiction and the principles of active and passive personality. Most cases included in this report have been launched under the principle of universal jurisdiction. hence the tite of this report, Extraterritorial jurisdiction refers to cases in which crimes have been committed outside the territory of the prosecuting country. In such cases, universal jurisdiction applies when neither the suspects nor the vitims are nationals of the prosecuting country, while active and passive personality apply when suspects and victims are nationals of the prosecuting country. respectively. Th term “universal jurisdiction is used in the report according to this dfintion even when it s not labeled a5 such within the national legislation of the relevant prosecuting country. | The report covers public developments that occurred during the year 2024 and does not claim tobe exhaustive as a arge number of cases. are subject tothe confidentiality of criminal investigations. I anly reports. cases where judges or prosecutors have initiated criminal investigations. into international crimes. namely genocide. crimes against humanity. war crimes, torture and enforced disappearances. I does nol. therefore. include complaints that victims, Lawyers, or NGOS fled under universal and extraterritorial jurisdiction that did not result in the opening of a Judicial investigation or that have been dismissed by the relevant national authorities. Cases marked as ‘new’ are those in which an investigation was opened or made public n 2024 The Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review is a project by TRIAL International, carried out in collaboration with the Center for Justice and Accountability, Civitas Maxima, the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights the International Federation for Human Rights and REDRESS. This report has baen researched and writen by UpRights on behalf of the above-mentioned organizations. TRIAL Internationa is grateful to al the civi society organizations. Lawyers, prosecutors and investigative judges who assisted in collecting the information compiled in tis report, While every attempt was made to ensure accuracy. information is subject to change without notice. This publication benefited from the generous support of the European Union within the scope of the ‘Global Initiative Against impunity for International Crimes and Serious Human Rights Violations: Making Justice Work” project, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy. the City of Geneva and the Oak Foundation. 2024 Highlights in the Domestic Prosecution of International Crimes under Extraterritorial and Universal Jurisdiction With more than 130 matters under investigation or In Switzerland, Ousman Soko, former minister of in different stages of judicial proceedings over the the interior of The Gambia, was convicted of crimes course of the year, extraterritorial and universal against humanity and sentenced to 20 years in prison, jurisdiction cases continued to be a central pillar marking th highest-ranking State official ried under ofthe global fight against impunity in 2026. Atleast the universal jurisdiction principle before a European 36 new cases were opened or made public over the court 0 date (see p. 91. course of 2024. and 27 convictions were entered. n mai seuss jones ve ino CURRENT CHALLENGES jurisdictions prosecuting international crimes extrteritorialy. prosecuting and convicting wo raei FOR UNIVERSAL brothers and former ISS supporters of membership ina terrorist organization. with one o the brotners JURISDICTION also convicted of war crimes for kidnapping and D N whipping an Irai citizen in a public square in Mosul (seep. 81) Not all developments were positive. The release by Sweden of Hamid Noury to Iran in a prisoner Important legal reforms concerning universal exchange (see p. 84) showed that politcal and jurisdiction were adopted in Germany and Denmark. diplomatic decisions may override accountability. On June 2024, th German parlament passed the Act The acquittal of Walid AL Zaytun (se p. 88, based in on the Further Development of International Criminal part onthe limited probaive value the Swedish court Law. which serves to reform the German egal framework was willing to give to written witness statements for the prosecution of international crimes. Among. taken by the Commission for International Justice other things, the new legislation closes gaps in the and Accountabilty (CLA). demonstrates the dificuly prosecution of sexual and gender-based violence, of prosecuting Cases Where witnesses may not be improves opportunities for tial documentation and available to provide oral testimony or be interviewed ensures that survivors of certain international crimes. by national authorities Bn anew on! Bl Sats, UGG 0S TON ge cnr ceeapments emanstte same of the main challenges faced in the pursuit of justice: On 17 December 2024, the Danish parliament adopted {rough extraterritorial or universal jurisdiction 2 egistativs retort adding a new chapter on ore These include th failure of domestic prosecution temo armen to tre Daman Perot Goan. The. authorities tonvestigate, o ar. international crimes maaan entered no force on 1 January 2035 In Palestine despite widespread documentation, nd criminalires wat crimes, torture ang arimes he 1ack of tangible rests from the exercise of inet nomanity Albogh Denmark on ony eres extraterritorial jurisdiction over the lat two years jurisdiction ver persons present on Danish territory ith respect o Ukraine and th discrepancy between for these offences. 1 effectively plemented. tre Pal statements i favor of accountablty and the legistaion will enable Danish authorities to better ILingness o investigate. as demonstrated in the contribute to European and international cooperation ¢*3MPIe of Belarus. nies alng a PrOSCCUG Era CTS. 0 Gaza. There were also a number of positive dovaopmonts in specif cases ove the course of 1 2026 the allure of Sates exercising extraterritorial 2024. A French Court of Appeal confirmed an arrest J0risdiction to open investigations on alleged ron sonint formar aorta resent Beanar Inlernational crimes committed in the war in Gaza al-Assad (see p. 39). agreeing with civil parties that "3 largely been perceived as a major threat to the ray mot ore ne tute of a warrant Legitimacy of international criminal justice. Unlike although he was stil then in office. In two other cases aire nrance, against Adit Mayalen see 30) an 2030S! countries tothe confcin Syria and following Russia's (5005 39 French ual authors armeaoat Ul scaleimason of Urine. the warn Gra has so functional immunities do not apply in international 2" 19% resulted n coordinated investigative efforts crimes cases and entered convictions in absentia Following Hamas's brutal attack on sel on 7 October against Momlouk. Hassan and Mahmoud These cases 2023, which included numerous war crimes and crimes reflect the continued evolution of the egal framework against humanity. there has been mounting evidence around immunities and demonstrate that obstacles to and findings of international crimes committed b sacl accountability canbe eroded through legal precedents. forces. In November 2024, the International Criminal Court CC) issued thee arrest warrants against sraeli As already mentioned in the 2023 UJAR, numerous. government and Hamas leaders. States. including States that id not have 2 prior Local and international NGO, Urited Nations human Universal jurisdiction practice, mabilzed specialized ants mechanioms and the CC hve compreneneivly _ PTOSECUIOTia units very soan after the invasion documented widusprond ternational enmes opened structural investigations to collect evidence Comite in Gass. the tora Defense. Foress, Of crimes committed uring the confic fo potential Despite this documentation and the readiness of NGOs 'ure prosecutions and began investigations of to engage with national prosecutors, there has, thus SPECific incidents and perpetrators. To date. over or bean almast m0 espunce fam iste ove ssi 20 national authorities have announced investigations actors. To date, no State has announced the opening 0" Cases related to crimes in Ukraine. ofa structural investigation into the station n Gaza. The response also resulted in legal innovations at On the contrary. prosecutors in a east two instances {he national and regional evel, At the regional evel. have rejected requests to investigate alleged EUrojust and the Genocide Network Secretariat held international crimes committed in the conflict. SPecial sessions on Ukraine; supported the setting In September 2026, French judicial authorities UP of @ Joint Investigation Team IT) tha consists dismissed a complaint brought by NGOS alleging ©! Ukraine. six European Union Member States, that a French Israel soldier was responsible for the ICC. and Europ: and initiated the NGO Atlas, torture and complicity in toture as war crimes based 3imed at enhancing collaboration between national on video evidence of mistreatment of Palestinian authorities and NGOS documenting crimes in Ukraine prisoners in Gaza. In December 2024, a different At the national level, the United States and, as group of NGOS - composed of the International mentioned above, Denmark and Germany. introduced Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), Al-Hag, Al legal reforms that were triggered by the Russian Meza, the Palestinian Center for Human Rights and invasion of Ukraine. While these efforts have yielded Ligue des droits de (Homme (LOH) — fled a civil party surprisingly few results (see below). thy send a clear complaint against the same Frenchelsrael soldier to signa against impunity ant he nee of publ prosecutor, Smart in relation to the situation in Gaz, th dierent by NGOs against three Israeli officials for complicity Faspinsss io Srlies Sppesr si less! 10 sink rea ne aor <OTDJlY observers t echo the polica support of some Countries (often the same that exercise universal Public Prosecutor's Office refused fo nvestigate he oury. > 1c) Ie S311 12% Wxercse unersay King of a Garman-Palestian amy b anasto 275 . strike as 3 possible war crime, and referred the case pascebiadiagiimaty ef iniscasdional justine. to the local Dortmund Public Prosecutor's Office for ~Cnerence to the same standards for all cases is investigation as a domestic crime (see Abujadallah lecportsst for icons wnd crucial tothe egltiasey and integrity of the broader international justice system. case. p. 62). . . To gain victims’ and survivors’ trust, States must Atthe end of 2024, there was only ane publicly known avoid not ony actual bias but aso the appearance extraterritorial investigation fo international crimes. of bias inthe exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction. commited n Gazi Sian 68 3.5500 201 pacar wil fen be cle won 0 murder investigation into the death of Damian Sobol, S21ance a number of considerations when selecting a Seoey cases, including their own limited resources and the on a convoy of the humanitarian organization, World Keli nood of success, itis crucial for their perceived bat tnly legitimacy that prosecutorial discretion is not used 25 a politcal tool. The victims of atrocity crimes ... compared to Ukraine deserve equal access to justice, and prosecuting authorities working on the basis of extraterritorial. The lack of effective investigations into international including universal. jurisdiction should apply the crimes commited in Gaza stands in stark contrast same standards of case selection to all potential to the welcome judicial response to Russias full- international crimes cases that come before scale invasion of Ukraine, which raised hopes that them. When certain victims and regions receive similar efforts would be made in other situations comparatively less attention, i sends a message of mass atrocities. While Russia's war in eastern that some lies matter more than others, tha the Ukraine from 2014 onwards intially received litle fight against impunity has borders after ll. Such attention, the aggression of February 2022 sparked double standards incase selection can undermine the an unprecedented commitment othe prosecution of claimed universality of jurisdiction aver international international crimes. crimes Even in relation to Ukraine, a lack Meeting these challenges of tangible results thus far There are a number of steps that States, including While the efforts to investigate international crimes their national prosecution authorities, can take to committed in Russia's war of aggression agains! €NSUre that victims and survivors of international Ukraine have set standards that should be used Crimes across al situations have access o justice. as a baseline for other situations and have clearly For many States. an important first step remains. Stood out as compared to Gaza. they too have yet to the strengthening of domestic legal frameworks, to produce tangible result. Based on publicly available Ensure they allow the prosecution of international information, these efforts have been limited to third ~~ Cfimes on the basis of universal jurisdiction. There is States bringing passive personality cases involving 3150 a need for increased training and resources for crimes against their own nationals, including a _ Specialized international crimes units within domestic German investigation nto the shooting of civilians in Prosecution authorities. These types of cases are Hostomel (see p. 63), a Lithuanian investigation into _ inevitably expensive. and units require sufficient the killing of filmmaker Mantas Kvedaravicius (see financial and technical resources to meet the unique p72) the first ever prosecution under the War Crimes challenges of extraterritorial investigations. Actin the United States (see p. 96) and. in France. a0 The response to crimes committed in Syria investigation into the kilings of journalists (see. 56) demonstrates the importance of structural as well 3s an investigation into the kilings of two. inestigations and of the collaboration between civil French employees of a humanitarian aid organization society organizations especially victims’ groups. (see p. 53. In addition o this. many countries have ang prosecuting authorities. The response to crimes. secured testimonies from Ukrainian refugees who committed in Ukraine following th full-scale Russian have fled the war and settled on their territory. invasion, at least in its initial phase, demonstrates the y » potential of coordinated. mobilized and cooperative Discrepancy between political international criminal justice. To ensure that victims. statements and willingness to investigate and survivors have access to justice free from politcal bias lessons learned from those responses Calis for accountability do not always translate fo can and should be applied across all regions B widespread villngness {0 investigate a has been affected by internation! crimes. al contexts alike, the case for the documented crimes of the Belarusian collaboration efforts between prosecuting authorities regime. Despite international efforts to combat and civil society actors are an important piece of the impunity through the launching of the International puzzle and need to be further deployed to build an Accountability Platform for Belarus (IAP) in 2021 effective and far international justice system. by 19 States and documentation efforts under the auspices of the United Nations Human Rights Council and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), only Lithuania is known to be actively collecting and analyzing information on alleged international crimes in Belarus. In Germany, following a criminal complaint ied by the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECHR) together with the World Organisation Against Torture: (OMCT). the Federal Prosecutors Office refused to request information from the IAPB and the OHCH. The criminal complaint was fled for crimes against humanity against six named high-ranking members of the Belarusian security apparatus on behalf of a German survivor in November 2021. While the German authorities interviewed the survivor and conducted some open-source intelligence (OSINT) research. they stopped short of contacting either the APB or OHCHR although the former had collected information on the detention facilities where the survivor had been held. The Federal Prosecutor's Office thus failed to take possible investigative steps. required by law in cases of German victims, revealing a too-common discrepancy between political statements in favor of accountability and willingness totake investigative measures. 2024 Key Findings @ 22, [eo 2 = d, uJiM® https://ujim.trialinternational.org Tracking the Fight Against Impunity oo § P—r Dive into a global overview of international crimes cases FLUTE based on universal jurisdiction TE and discover key data Comictedof _ Acqutedof pr——— ra com © ow? economicctor 21 . ’ Sorteionao 0 gel? ~-9 a of) E ] tes CNT aE Ter a Green re © oe Ly" TL So EAA, EER > IER wf, 3 [mm—— — TA ano of he process (myo © £] 12 | iia | teri oe spec [rr—— The Universal Jurisdiction Interactive Map (UJIM) i an online ool tha provides a global overview of criminal cases. brought before national courts on the basis of the principle of universal jurisdiction and the principles of active and passive personality jurisdiction. Cases included inthe map relate to international crimes. The interactive map enables. the user to access quantitative data on investigations and prosecutions of universal jurisdiction cases worldwide. Cases. can be filtered by a variety of factors, and for each case a summary of the facts and of the procedure i available 2024 VICTIMS AND NGOS GRANTED cian anther pesca rote The recon Eee oz CIVIL PARTY STATUS IN under international humanitarian (Special Jurisdiction for Peace). a BOAT SEEOSE low its ware most yur Vamtionsl Tuna ssabisbod POSTNES CAIME ALEGEDLY in somes of ing he anton efi, rs RA i ge VAR URIBE VELEZ ‘They were later dressed in guerrilla 99 members of the Colombian ALVARO URIBE VELEZ fatigues and/or had weapons placed armed forces. including eight pi hi hans andre lagna General. fo wa res ard te remtetm coma ma: essary rd FE Swap owingnin Tese and elorced dappentance. Sis Sewer commed iho dos ot rowart hove orion Sowing senate and raring oe rr resto J ern my wrop—— Fo ———— Unbirsauisiiion situationin Colombia by the Office of a Thee crimes. sulicly known asthe Moser fh rtioat ven Cotambian ate poses. ware egedty Crome court (CO) Tocuot on Aare ihe Vier Colombian Cor nt of Coloma fas puss rms ors 07. [dey 33 departments, oy all army However, te sramnaton was Gare, wi th sama modes lesen 200 fr» copertin Soran Toy algedy rtd ares nas Tene win tr Coumryatresenceo suspect LLL ge of members ofthe. Coomian government med oon. cin th over. ca mah cng. procasre Shorges On 7 November 2023, 11 victims. J GSES Usevesestoat ti rare loan 101. a omy age. Me SIG me Commander of he Potts CSP, i Cokin de focuses on he Times SEATS Forces no termatas Abogado José Aes Fosters omni af murder and ners 00 0 iy amen (CAR) ana tn. Corprocon dapper en inresead mtorizaton of he Jr Urta (CL) 10d 5 Comte olen gerlosroups. Copan against ihe formar I I er a oes mo esr or fa Underiimsstigetion Uribe is suspected of having had crimes against humanity before the oo Knowietos fhe criminal pracice mgaminon reson Aries CE an3 208 th mes. 168 Pov, ut hain led Seween are ME rors STEED re coe was assigned 10 an ori in Coloma (19852010) CL... at alga sigan se iF eolCour in ition, an estan of CS mt tne brosaetr on Naver 207 rama vere rd stocks GIS Cr resins th oie ss th 0 10 share During is prod. Sate gens nt tim como doe formation on amy esiomions err members oftheir [LLL ne wns to mes deus disappearances of at least 6402 were civilians. On 19 December 2073, the ARREST WARRANTS army. must answer charges of prosecutor sesigned to fhe cose REQUESTED FORAUNG SAN genocide in northern Rakhine State announced the opening of an SUU KYI AND 25 OTHER as well as crimes against humanity. Investigation and requested MYANMAR OFFICIALS. and war crimes in the siates of several additional acts of mutual i Rakhine, Kachin and Shan. evsstance fom Colonie. Aung San Suu Kyi and others Procedure i i Country of commission On 13 November 2019. the Burmese | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2026 | yyonmar Rohingya Organisation UK BROUK) In June 2024, the investigative | filed a complaint before the judge received a response from | Jurisdictional basis Argentinian authorities for alleged neICC stating tt taro sce | Universal jurisdiction genocide and crimes against | proceedings agains Uribe, | humanity commited against the on sty 2026 ne vestigate | SUSPECtS Rohingya people. including mass ada eres 0%0e | itary and an eas including Kings allegedly commited in | luge arated soning 52 SL | former state counsellor Aung August 2017. Vetims an th thee Colombian. | S31 Su Kyi. acting president and © rganinations, SPP. CAJAR and | commander-in-chif of the armed On 29 May 2020. Argentinas Federal | GIL Ao co pares, tey can | forces Min Aung Hing. and former Criminal Chamber 1 opened an panics in tne proceedings | president of Myanmar Hin Kyaw imestgatn nto Myanmar’ leader | Tequest evidence, and request | Aung San Su Kyi and senior midary on indciment fhe prosecution | Coury of residence of suspects ficial for genotide and other does not do 50. To date no | Myanmar crimes alegedy commited against | testimonies have been heard by | the Rohingya people. | the Argentinian authorities. | Charges. fh as the case is at the investigation On 12 July 2021, the Argentinian stage. the suspects have not lower court dismissed the case Jet been formally charged. The based on th existence of an ongoing investigation focuses on genocide Investigation by the International B 2nd crimes against humanity, Criminal Court (ICC) of crimes incucing sexual vilence. commited again the Rohingya. Tne plain ppeated the decision Current satus Under investigation On 26 November 2021, the Federal Court of Argentina ordered the Facts ucicial authorities to investigate On 25 August 2017, a military the crimes against humanity and crackdown started in Myanmar genocide allegedly committed against the Rohingya peaple against the Rohingya people. The ater mitants llegely tacked court stated tha by virtue of the police posts in Rakin State, ture of such crimes, i is the The violent repression forced obligation of all States. under more than 740 000 clans to peremptory norms of international flee massacres, extrajudicial aw. to conduct a preliminary executions and ses violence. investigation into harmful acts The Unites Notions Independant tht violate the peace. security and Internationa Fact-Finding Mission welfare of mankind ‘on Myanmar concluded that soldiers Crstematialy sed rape. gong rapa. The Federal Cour underlined that “nd the violent and forced seus the existence of the Independent acts against women, girs, boys. Investigation Mechanism for Ten an ransender people. Myanmar for the collection of evidence would facilitate the The United Nations investigators complex taskof collecting evidence qualified his severe crackdown in his case 25 genocide and declared tht the generts the ead of he country's INVESTIGATION INTO According to a 2021 report of the | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Inter-American Commission of © On 28 June 2026, the federal | ALLEGEDLY COMMITTEDBY Human Rights. at least 355 people | prosecutor submited a | NICARAGUAN PRESIDENT diss, inluging 27 children | feast oth Federal Cou ANDVICE PRESIDENT DURING 27 2000 were inure. Heal {to issue arrest warrants | rofessionals were reporte and Interpol Red Notices for | 201 PROTESTS CONTINUES gore nt to treat injured people {25 oficial, miliary personnel | Daniel Ortega, Rosario as a result of their participation and police officers, including | Murillo and 14 other in the mobilizations, and those | former state counsellor Aung | i210 SRE CTE who disregarded this order were {San Suu Kyi acting president | "g-ranking official allegedly dismissed. In addition. + and commander-in-chief of | more than 1614 were allegedly the armed forces Min Aung | Country of commission imprisoned; hundreds of health Hing and former president | caragua professionals, journalists, teachers of Myanmar Hin Kyaw. The | and students were fired or expelled Federal Court will now decide | Jurisdictional basis 2nd over 100 000 people fled © whether to grant the request Universal jurisdiction oid) | andissue arrest warrants. | i | Suspects Since 2018, Ortega's government {On 27 November 2026. the | picaragean nationals: ani 3 © prosecutor of the ICC fied on | icareguan nationals: Daniel OteGa. 50001 intensified the persecution | prosecutor of the CC fled an | present of Nearagua (985-1990. LCL EC © chamber for a warrant of | ndsince 2007 RosarioMurilo.vice tg he 2021 disputed elections i | president of Nicaragua: Francisco jy ich Ortega was re-elected arrest for Min Aung Hing. | javier Diaz Madriz. chief of the The pre-trial chamber willow | po a aus for a fourth consecutive term. tis © determine whether 1 esue an | Nicaraguan police: Juio César AES repiteq that thousands have been arrest warrant. | asl chief ofthe armed forces: and gtgineg an sentenced to lengthy ! | tule ther Bghanking fils icon terms, including presidental aspirants. public figures, former Country of residence of suspects eter cL Er anizations Shaatajus and church representatives. Charges Procedure Asthe case is at the Investigation | Sectomber 2022, a complaint stage, the suspects have NOt gingt Ortega, Murillo and been formally charged: TOE gine high-ranking Nicaraguan investigation focuses on CrIMES oficial was fled for the crimes against humanity. including torture, og 8 108 CEL 190 TC CECE enforced disappearance. r30¢ an gicapnearancs, torture, murder and other forms of sexual violence. geprivaion of Uberty, among other crimes committed since 2018. The — complaint alleges that the highest Under investigation; arrest warrants coe ooo BE ROE sued systematic atack aginst the civilian population. Facts 0018 April 2018, eries of IONS 1, cer 2022, an vestigation was fo the social security Sytem opgneq under universal jurisdiction triggered the outbreak of S0tal joy crimes against humanity. As protests against the government a1 rat investigative measure, the of Nicaragua. Thousands of pEOPI® prgenyinan prosecuting authorities acrossthe countrytooktothestreets coor cn ETI ERE daily to demonstrate. Protests were 00 Wrctver it was already repressed by the National Paice jo 22% SURAT 00 20 and its antriot forces, wih the oct OTTES DO POSES support of Sandia mobs (ras international and non-governmental sandinistas), pro-government armed organizing egarcing the repression groups allegedly used 0 Generate of rorastors were added to the onder sid uh proissts. investigation file, including reports fhe ner-American Comision ARREST WARRANTS Pacers nbomanions re Unieintons ISSUED FORVENEZUELAN I January 2023, the Argentine Human Rights Council the United PRESIDENT NICOLAS MADURO, Forum for the Defense of Natans Group of Funan Gh AnverER OF THE MTERIR Democracy (FADD fea a cil Epes an Ncarasua, AES ipa anc NTEROR compat before he Feral Court items th Cores or Lega, DOSDADOCABELLD, of argon against mabe of Federation for Human Rights (FIOH) ico14s Maduro, Diosdado Crimes against humanity. Human Rights. Cabello and 30 other officials | 0 2023, the Clooney A second complaint was aos So! Complain safore. the Fedora in sary November 2033 by the Sout of Argonne, representing Argonne NGO Conrado Tomy mamhe of two vit Girscnes amos Kings Venezuela n 201. The i Comptin reed on avr 15 000 on 2 vam 2020 teams SEES eoovenetcrinasagans Prosecutors. Office formally heads Maduro resident of on ice to ave taken JT : Ter Venom gp onions OEVELOPMENTS IN 2074 | Comtesse pss 10 2509 i In August 2024, the plaintiffs’ | Venezuela | mers 02 |p, In July 2023, the federal prosecutor | appr and mrmstrat ames | he cas nat he ivestigtion C0 C0 © warrants against Daniel Ortega, | Stage: the suspects have not DEN Committed by Venezuelan security | Rosario Murillo and other | formally charged. The investigation The prosecutor subsequently © officials. focuses on crimes against humanity. requested a series of measures, : inching rer, true aries © In October 2026. a hearing | disappearance and persecution, "Ind FeQUESIS tothe Venezuelan Datel justice system to send copies of in Buenos Ares, during which | Under investigation: arrest warrants TOSPI1a1S Where the victims were {in urn fren tr wich | tv weather toate J records. tot of rss ho Pe stom rds cca the Nicaraguan police in WHEh | ny angeing political and economic. Hoi coped 0 documents tobe | heis reported toh aired | ren Venesslalestomorstein eiened om telUnedtons minty 0 ote ang | Suse ranuto elope! mtn trian Ste, ne rss too pace | TEM. Venezuelan autores loin ermrnstont note ny repressed OVS CC (CO wih pred | On 300cember 2024 aera | svcted wih os governance oh stuatn | ino ooo are aan | ple! apposition: The Uniea © and summoned President Daniel | Nations Independent International rls nin ober somone Foes SE ee earn dean estan, TSCmBAsSES an eis wit neludng sexual and gender based to have occurred in Venezuela elec. carlos 0202 00 3 rsry 201, ot ‘committed in Venezuela to suppress Suis ait cusroitly hake oy Sess. sami opened apne spec antes frmm— oy REQUEST REJECTED TO © DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | | On 23 September 2024. the ' TERMINATE INVESTIGATION in February 2026, the FADD | | Federal Court of Buenos Aes | INTO RESPONSIBILITY OF | submitied an extension of its | SEC SER MATES OT RODOLFO MARTIN VILLA FOR Ee eneos nce | | Minister of th Interior Diosciado | CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY of the Federal Prosecutor. Tne | + Meister ofthe ner Diosdado | _FYcer) lL Lire extension included, among © thers. the case of human rignts | | 3l69ed crimes against humanity, | DURING FRANCO DICTATORSHIP i a : i i including murder, torture, defender Rocio San Miguel, i i who was allegedly arbitrarily enforced disappearance and | Rodolfo Martin Vila detained by agents of the | | Persecution: County of commision Bolivarian Intligence Service | Can { (SEBIN on 9 February 2024 at the Maiquetia International. | J Airport in Venezuela, and has a | been imprisoned at the EL | i | Helcoide detention center since | Hele Suspect H ] Rodolfo Martin Vila, Spanish national. so in February 2024, Amnesty vl governor and provincial chief International submitedanamicus | of Barcelona from 1974 to 1975. curiae to the National Criminal former minister from 1975 t0 1979 and Federal Correctional Court | { N"2. supporting the request for County of residence of suspect the Federal Court to investigate | Spain i the serious human rights i violations allegedly perpetrated Charges. {by the Maduro regime and Initial ndictment for crimes against submiting that the Argentine humanity dismissed: ongoing justice systems fully competent | investigation focuses on crimes {to investigate, prosecute and against human i 5 y punish the perpetrators of crimes. | against humanity commited in Current status | Veneuela ] Under investigation {in March 2024, the federal | i. H that the i oe Hse nici Afr the 1930 ivi var in Sain. J rah Francisco Franco established a Po ee all bloody dictatorship and proclaimed fin a a himself head of State. Enforced NE disappearances. extrajudicial © of the investigation and the | ‘executions, torture and inhuman and testimonies of victims be sent degrading treatments of perceived i tothelCC. i political opponents were committed i i on a large scale. Franco maintained On 6 Apri 2024, Chamber of | a tight grip on power until his © the Federal Court of Buenos death in 1975, after which Spain {Aires overturned the decision | fabio todismiss the investigation and ordered ts re-opening. ] 1n 1977, an amnesty law was } on sepemoerznzs,ameering passed to cover crimes committed fda) during th dictatorship, preventing beeattobannd the prosecution in Spain of human | Ive vVensmuelan cm nestin. rights violations perpetrated under i describing the persecution, Franco's regime. © arbitrary detentions, forced . ; nl Martin Villa was appointed civil Be governor and provincial chief of ] Barcelona from 197410 1975 and then minister from 1975 t0 1975. Procedure humanity. He appealed this On 14 April 2010, Spanish decision. On 23 December 2021. and Argentinian human rights the Appeals Chamber dismissed the INVESTIGATION OPENED organizations filed a criminal indictment considering that there INTO GENOCIDE AND CRIMES complaint on behalf of Spanish was not enough evidence to Prove AGAINST HUMANITY ALLEGEDLY victims. On 18 September 2013, that the killings for which he was gare CuO Judge Maria Romilda Servini de indicted constituted crimes against ern =e ane at Cubria issued arrest warrants humanity, which i the legal basis. Oto oR PEOPLE BY MEMBERS against four former officials of allowing for universal jurisdiction. OF THE CHINESE AUTHORITIES the Franco dictatorship. including The prosecutor challenged the Antonio Gonzalez Pacheco, Jess Appeals Chamber's decision before Unknown members of the Muriecas Aguilar and Martin Villa, the Federal Chamber. Chinese authorities and requested their extradition in order to stand trial for crimes On 20 September 2022. the Country of commission ‘against humanity, including acts of Federal Chamber declared the China torture allegedly committed in Spain appeal inadmissible because the between July 1936 and June 1977.0n indictment is not a final judgment. —— 24 April 2014, the Spanish National Universal jurisdiction Court rejected the extradition request. ~ In March 2023, a hearing took place and the case was closed. before the Federal Court N°1 of ~SUSPects Buenos Aires, during which a group. Vnkaown meters of the Uhlpesé In August 2016, another investigation of plaintiffs and witnesses provided authorities Was openedino the death of parish testimony and submitted expert poet Federico Garcia Lorca, pursuant reports to support the ongoing Country of residence of suspects toa complaint filed by the Asociacidn investigation. Unknown para la Recuperacion de la Memoria pra ns Charges DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | As the case is a the investigation In July 2017. an international arrest | In July 2026, Marti Vila | S20 the suspects have not been warrant was issued for crimes | submitted an appeal to terminate formally charged. The investigation against humanity and murder the investigation proceedings | 0CUSeS on genocide and crimes. against Martin Vill for the death of against hm on the grounds that | 39211! humanity. five workers in Vitoria in 1976. the events exceeded the statute of limitations and that he had not | Current status On 21 June 2018, two victims joined | been tried within a reasonable | Case dismissed: under appeal the proceedings: the grandson of | percdo time José Salmerdn Céspedes who was. ols forcinly disappeared, tortured and | troerey Lone Federal | Since at fess 2014 he Crise executed in 1936 and a relative | Coury Not of Buenos Aires | ron "os engaged in what oF Gustevo Adal Moher de | Cour 1 of Suores Aree |i descrives as campaign 10 Bustle a Toear ld eeutedon | 1oees Mri VIS GLEE comatteroristinreats in Xinjong T1 September 1978 during volont ne conn tenn ve | PrOWINCe, Which it has linked to riots in the transitional period in | the facts under investigation | TemiS™ and separatism in Barcelona. On 26 October 2018. | have been classified as crimes | ne PToVnCe. This campaign has the investigative judge admitted a against humanity, no statute of party istiuted felygiun elf: ‘complaint fled two years earlier by | limitations applies. The court | 9"°UP and other predominantly ‘the NGO Women's Link Worldwide on | further rejected the argument Muslim communities, who have behalf of six womenvictimsof sexual | that the investigation had | 0¢en subjected to large-scale ‘assault, murder, forced abortionand | violated Martin Villa's right tobe | rests and detention in so-called the theft of children under Franco's | heard within a reasonable time | re-education’ camps, where ame 2 10 be judged without unde | cultural and religous persecution. delay. The court nated that the | torture and other forms of il: Martin Villa was interrogated on complex of the case, involving | treatment including forced labor, September 2030 inthe penton. 3 large number i vis | sexual violence and violations of embasey in Madri, Spain ina five. | and family members and the | reproductive rights, are reported hI incorporation af numerous to have taken place. new complains, justifies the On 15 October 2021, Martin Villa | duration of the investigation. was indicted for crimes against [iiisivestiationls sazeing In 2022, the Office of the United Follow-up on other cases Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. concluded that. ynarmmed bin Salman (WAR serious human rights violations 507 50 1 SRE (ORY have been committed against ooo Uyghur and other predominantly Muslim communities in Xinjiang. which may amount to crimes against humanity Procedure In August 2022, a complaint involving allegations of genocide and crimes against humanity against unknown members of the Chinese authorities was fied in Buenos Aires by lawyers acting on behalf of the World Uyghur Congress, the Uyghur Human Rights Project and Lawyers for Uyghur Rights. Ths complaint was dismissed by the prosecutor on the basis of reports of a similar complaint filed by Uyghur vitims in Tarkye In December 2023. the Court of Appeal of Buenos Ares rejected an B appeal by the victims against the prosecutors decision to dismiss the case. On 11 July 2026, the Argentinian Federal Court of Cassation overturned the decision of the Court of Appeal, finding that it had been wrong fo agree with the prosecutor's decision to dismiss the complaint. The Court of Cassation therefor ordered the prosecutor to open an investigation and granted the victims civil party status. enabling them to participate in the proceedings. Following the decision of the Court of Cassation the case was remited 10 the Court of Appeal. However, the Court of Appeal refused to re-open the investigation. In November 2024, the plaintiffs requested a further ruling from the Court of Cassation to re-open the investigation. NEW EVIDENCE SUBMITTEDIN Schulz was awarded the of armed confit by members of THE CASE OF THE AUSTRALIAN Commendation for Gallantry for his the Australian Defense Force in SOLDIER CHARGED WITH A service in Afghanistan. ‘Afghanistan from 2005 to 2016. WAR CRIME IN AFGHANISTAN In March 2020, ABC News released In March 2023, the Office of the Oliver Schulz footage of the Afghan cian being Special Investigator announced that shot by an Australian soldier in a a join investigation withthe police County of commission ‘wheat field in Uruzgan. resulted in Schulz being charged Aghanistan with the war crime of murder. Procedure Investigators arrested him in New Jurisdictional basis 1n2016, the nspector-general of the South Wales and he was intially Aetive personality Australian Defense Force started an _ remanded in custody. On 28 March, incur regarding alleged war crimes. Schulz was granted bail. Suspect by Australia forces in Algharistan. Oliver Schulz, Australian national. —_— i former member of the Australian In November 2020, the inspector- | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 Defense force general released his report (known | During 3 hearing on 14 May 2s the Brereton Report which found | 2024, additonal evidence was Country of residence of suspect credible information that members | submitted to the magistrate, | had committed war crimes during | September. At the September Charges. their operations in Afghanistan | 2026 hearing. prosecutors | War crime of murder between 2005 and 2016. In | informed the local court that | particular, it recommended that | they would file an application Current status 19 current or ex-special forces | or witnesses to be called for | Indicted: awaiting confirmation of soldiers be investigated by police | [Ne case's committal stage, the charges over killings of prisoners or civilians | 9Uring which the magistrate agony wil determine whether the | . defendant should be commited | In 2012, Schutz was deployed in These accusations led to the [0 191A fheday pearing has Afghanistan with the Australian establishmentin 2021 of the Office of cil i Defense Force. He is accused of the Special Investigator, responsible shooting an Afghan civilian in the for reviewing the potential criminal head and the heart while the civilian matters raised in the Brereton was lying on the ground in a wheat Report and investigating together field, after being mauled by a dog With the Australian Federal inthe Afghan province of Uruzgan, _ Police any breaches of the laws. HEEL Khaled Hand others (UAR 2026 ——_— p26): the investigation is ongoing. INVESTIGATION OPENED INTO Defense Forces (IDF) is reported RWANDAN NATIONAL BELGIAN-ISRAELI NATIONAL {© have been active in Gaza since ARRESTED FOR SUSPECTED FOR ALLEGED WAR CRIMES O10ber 2023. According lo reports. ppRTICIpATION IN COMMITTED IN GAZA {re ihasteen MESES 100 pan GENOCIDE member of the uni 1 reported Country of commission to have described its operational country of commission on sight any man of weapon- Jurisdictional basis bearing age present within certain, isjictional basis Active personality perimeters. The unit is also ypiversal jurisdiction AB. Belgian-Isracli dual national, 21SMPNG to evacuate the body of gc, Ruandan national alleged member of the “Refaim 2 1219¢ted person. ser unt Ais 2 cut Began ask cizen pgm Country of residence of suspect uric of cle, whoreportedy cpyrge, on Sovsin he IF 35 prof ho RA or cos As the case is at the investigation © <9" Indicted: awaiting tral stag. te suspect nas not been On 170cobr 202. he Asocatn formally charged. The investigation Sel90-Palestinienne (Belgian- p,q, Comin complaint or war Cres. ochre 9% rani Current status against AB. ofthe Tutsi in Kibuye. Rwande. Under investigation On 18 October. the Federal po qe Prosecutor fics conimed hao 34 senuary 2026, an arrest tha opened sn ESSER M0 rents rc En et the allegations, The case has been piaceg in preventative detention transferred 10 an INVeSUGOUNS nga clon 19 Doing 20 Judge. the investigation was completed. on21 November 2026 the re-via lordonnance de prise de corps) and referred th cas 1 he Court of RWANDAN NATIONAL Co PASSING OF ONE OF THE CONVICTED OF GENOCIDE DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 TWO SUSPECTS DURING AND WAR CRIMES WHILE © 008 April 2024, Neunduvimye's ONGOING INVESTIGATION INTO ANOTHER RWANDAN trial began before the Brussels | THE MURDER OF PATRICE. NATIONAL IS AWAITING TRIAL + Courtof Assizes (Cour dassisesl | UMUMBA IN THE DEMOCRATIC During the tial, approximately | REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Ernest Galonaya and one rd of th winesses Emmanuel Nkunduwimye withdrew or were unable to | Etienne Davignon and testify including key witnesses | Jacques Brassinne de la Country of commission Paul Rusesabagina and former | Buissiére Rwanda Interhamwe leaders Eugene Mbarushimana and Dieudonné | Country of commission Jurisdictional basis Niyitegeka. Other witnesses | Democratic Republic of the Congo Universal jurisdiction | had died in the period between | (DR) the dispatch of summons and Suspects the beginningof the trial while | akwaya and Emmanuel | some elderly witnesses were | 2/o0 C0001 Seems ama ri | nals to 0st dos to ra | Active prsoalty legs mmbarsof te trabarwe Peal, Th Bean roseutor | jon requested a sentence of mis thou organizten ofthe [eaves rence of | SLO oyignen, geigian Nations! Republican Movement for | ne | national, former Belgian diplomat Democracy and Development) TE ce | and former vice president of basis of unreliable evidence. the European Commission. and Country of residence of suspects | on 10 June the court convicted | Jacques Brassinne de (a Buissire, Belgium Nkunduwimye of genocide and | Belgian national, former Belgian | war crimes, including murder | senior iv servant Charges and rape. He was sentenced to Genocide and war crimes, including 25 years imprisonment. I oO murder andrepe Neunduwimye has appealed | Belg —— the deco to the Court of | Emmanuel Nkunduwimye convicted: As the case is at the investigation sentenced to 25 years in prison: | Emest Gakwaya had been | stage, the suspects have not awaiting appeal expected to participate in the yet been formally charged. The Ernest Galowaya indicted: awaiting | same trial. However, having | investigation focuses on murder trial detained previously been convicted and | gg a war crime. detained inBurundifor falsifying © Facts papers. he was. nol 1e1e35ed | cy prant status Gakwaya and Nkunduwimye | and transferred to Belgium in | ICCA Loe were allegedly members of | time for the begining of the | tO the Interahamwe militia, which lrial Since then, Gakuaya has cqoq gracsinne de la Buissiére was heavily implicated in the. been ransferred 0 Belgium. A | °C BSS 1994 genocide. They allegedly | new date has not yet been set participated in the 1994 genocidein | or is trial. -_— Rwanda by murdering and raping gn 30 June 1960, the DRC gained Tutsis and moderate Hotus, its independence from Belgium. Patrice Lumumba. an important Procedure figure in the DRC's struggle for Gakwaya and Nkunduvimye were independence, was appointed artested in March 2011 in Brussels. as the first prime minister after winning the elections. The new On? October 2019, the Criminal Court government faced an army mutiny decided to sever the cases against and a Belgian-supported movement Gakuaya and Nkunduwimye from of secession in the strategic the case against another accused. mineral-rich province of Katanga. Fabien Neretsé (sce UJAR 2021. p.21). considering that there was no connection between the offenses. December 1960, Lumomba was arrested by the military. On | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 17 January 1961. he wastransferred | On 31 January 2026, Jacques | ALLEGED LEADER OF A tothe Katanga region, where he was © Brassinne de la Buissicre | FORMER SYRIAN REGIME- beaten allegedly by both Belgian and passed away ot the ase 0193. | ARFILIATED MILITIA INDICTED Congolese forces He was murdered oo Me on ne same dav and Ris body comple. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY The Federal Prosecutors AND WAR CRIMES ce will now examine th pasts Coe to consider possi | Hossin A In 2010. a Belgian partamentary 3° 10 conser poseile Commission of Inquiry was SeLUP frst instance or the Courl of | Country of commission tonvestigate Lumumbis murder, Lo "2120¢¢ of Ie Co on After 18 months of investigation, | °° ** (Cr asses the comission revealed that the FE Belgian government. supported an Lumumbas arest and transfer to the Katanga region. I stated that. — wilisthare is aa evidence bist the Hossin A, Syrian national, alleged Degisngossrimah gave inorder leader of a militia affliated with the: to physically eliminate Lumumba. remaster Belgium bears responsibilty for not having taken action to prevent the Country of residence of suspect murder. The Commission therefore in concluded that “by not considering the possible risks o the transfer, not Shanes asking guarantees for is physical ics TR Safety or insisting on humane hy treatment and a tra, the Belgian Minister of African Affairs showed Le iss antsaion a lack of forethought and a lack of respect for th constitutional state.” _— Hossin A was reportedly one of ta 200, Luraumba's son ied the leaders of the National Defense a soughsipt 01 the faurder of Forces, a militia affiliated with the He ferher, po aequed thet sn former regime of Bashar al-Assad, international armed conflict was AI SARI going on between Belgium and the Lk Sula ir ORC. and that ths targeted kiling rr AW ret was GoRsiutive of awar rive, ‘suppression of opposition protests. and the abduction. torture and In 2012. a criminal investigation 2nd the sbauction. torture was opened. Hei alleged to have participated Or 8 Duties 1011 tie Biese's personally in numerous abuses Cetniind! Cnpmbser Jatited on and also to have organized and the inclusion in the investigation fdr ge file of the findings of the opponents in the city of Salamiyah parliamentary commission of sppanente nthe cll salen inquiry on Lumumba's death. civilians to places of detention All the testimonies collected by and torture, including Deir Shmail the commission were therefore rote included, except the transcript of the interviews of the two suspects os A reported to hoe been gue to the fact that they had not living in Belgium for seven to eight been heard nthe presence of their Jensen lo awyers. Procedure INVESTIGATION OF Johnson has resided in Belgium The Belgian Federal Prosecutors ALLEGED FORMER Since 2003 Office opened an investigation nto |BERIAN ARMED GROUP Hossin A.in 2021.0 26 JanUary COMMANDER COMPLETED Procedure 2026. he was detained and brought +n In 2012. three Liberian victims, before an examining judge in Martina Johnson assisted by the NGOs Civitas Brussels, where he was charged Maxima and its Liberian sister with war crimes and crimes against Country of commission organization the Global Justice and humanity. Liberia Research Project filed a complaint in Belgium against Johnson for On 26 March 2026. the Court jurisdictional basis her alleged direct participation of Appeal ordered his release Universal jurisdiction in mutilations and mass kilings from pre-trial detention. The during Operation Octopus. in investigation is ongoing. Suspect October 1992. Martina Johnson, Liberian national alleged former frontline commander Johnson was arrested on of the National Patriotic Front of 17 September 2014 in Gent. Liberia (NPFL) Belgium based on documentation collected by the two NGOS. She was Country of residence of suspect released on 4 May 2015 and placed Belgium under house arrest. Charges Since then, several procedural acts As the case is at the investigation were undertaken during the course: stage. the suspect has not been of the investigation. formally charged. Theinvestigation focused on war crimes and crimes H against humanity. including | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 mutation and mass kilings. The investigation has been B completed. The Federal | Comentstatus Prosecutor's Office wil | Investigation completed: awaiting | Pursue charges of crimes | confirmation of the charges; on | 29nst humanity and war | htt crimes. The next step will © be a hearing of the pre-trial | _ chamber to formally close | The National Patriotic Front of | \n® investigation. The date for | ere a From a the hearing is sll 0 be set. | The investigating courts (pre- © group active during the Liberian | | "e592 courts (re: + civil war between 1989 ang 1997. 4 “TATE 20 CIT In October 1992 the NPFL. under | ocige in garly 2025 whether © the direction of Charles Taylor, was | (n¢ coae should be referred | involved in “Operation OCIOPUS™.3 | 10 tne Court of Assizes (Cour | four-month long attack against | sesises) 1 Monrovia, which resulted in the |__| deaths of hundreds of civilians, many of whom were targeted for ethnic reasons. Martina Johnson was allegedly Taylors chief of artillery during “Operation Octopus” and was instrumental in the planning and execution of the operation. Johnson is aso suspected of having herself ill, tortured and maimed several people at a miltary checkpoint on the edge of th city. CONVICTION OF TWO convicted for having financed On 9 October the tia began before RWANDAN NATIONALS FOR genocidal propaganda. According to the Brussels Criminal Court. Around ‘GENOCIDE AND WAR CRIMES (he sentence, ho distributed money 100 witnesses testified before the CONFIRMED ON APPEAL and weapons to the Inferahamwe court. including 40 who came from aki milan Gatenga and Gikondo and Rwanda especially for the trial Pierre Basabosé and encouraged them tokil Tutsis. The Belgian prosecutor called for Séraphin Twahirwa a fe sentence for Twahirwa and Atte the genocide, he fled Kigali to for the internment in a medical Gounmpotcommisson Zaire (now the Democratic Republic establishment for Basabosé. EWA of the Congo), Kenya, Kazakhstan Basabosé and Twahirwa's Lawyers and Germany before arriving in denied the accusations and —— Belgium. where he was granted argued for acquitals, questioning Universal jurisdiction refugee status. the credibility of the witness testimonies. Basabosé could not F— Tuahirwais a relative of the former be interrogated by the court due Pierre Basabosé, Rwandan Presidential family. He led an to his diagnosed senile dementia rational, boamesaman clase to Inerahamue mila responsible for and could only provide one oral fhe 1994 Rwandan government, massacres of Tutss in a central statement tthe end o th tril and Séraphin Twahirwa, Rwandan e910n of Randa. He also fied to ational leader of an erahamme _ 28ite and Uganda, and eventually On 19 December, the popular jury ihe youth organization of the reached Belgium. of the Brussels Criminal Court Aa convicted Basabosé and Twahirwa for Democracy and Development) Procedure of war crimes and genocide for iia The two individuals were arrested dozens of murders and deliberate on 30 September 2020 and charged attacks on civilians. Twahira's Country of residence of suspects With genocide and war crimes while conviction also included counts. Seigiom the investigation was ongoing. of rape constitutive of genocide Tuiahirwa was laced under judicial and war crimes. He was found B —— surveillance through the use of responsible for at least 11 cases Boeabass convicted of war crimes 2 €lectronic tag. Basabosé was of rape, commitied either directly and genocide through murder and Feleased under investigation in by himself or through militiamen deliberate attacks on civilians May 2021. under his command. Twahirwa convicted of war crimes and genocide through murder, ON 19 September 2022, Basabosé Basabosé was committed to Gliberate attacks on clans and and Twahirwa were sent totrialon indefinite internment in a medical rape genocide and war crimes charges. facility and Twahirwa was sentenced to fe imprisonment F— On 12 June 2023, Basabosé's Bosabost committed to indefinite ayer argued tha the proceedings Bath accused appealed th decision ernment ina medica esablehmant. Were inadmissible on the grounds before the Supreme Court (Cour de cemtence confirmed on appeal Of his 76-year-old client's ~Cassaton. Twahirwa sentenced to life deteriorated mental health. EE ————— imprisonment; sentence confirmed H an sopesc deemed 0n 21 June, the court ruled that DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 the trial would go ahead despite | On 11 September 2024, the ae Basabosé’s fragile mental health | Supreme Court (Cour de Cassaton) | 056 was 3 businessman nd memory problems. The court | dismissed both appeals. The © and a retired member. of the Stated that “the oral hearings at | sentences arenowfinal | Rwandan army who ran a foreign _(1e ASSZes Court wil likely enable ~~~ exchange office with the support Pierre Basabosé to recall the facts of the presidential family. In 1993, in Question, understand what he is he became the second largest _26<used of, and defend himselr. arora ime Aaa dle The prosecutor stated that at the Libro dos Mills Coline. known for end of the trial she would request its calls for ethnic hatred before 07 him to be put in a medical and during the genocide. He was establishment in any case. RWANDAN BUSINESSMAN ARRESTED OVER GENOCIDE INVESTIGATION COMPLETED INVESTIGATION OF RWANDAN ~~ AND WAR CRIMES CHARGES (OF BELGIAN NATIONAL NATIONAL SUSPECTED RELEASED FROM PRE- IDENTIFIED DURING OF PARTICIPATION IN TRIAL DETENTION WHILE STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION RWANDAN GENOCIDE INVESTIGATION CONTINUES OF CRIMES COMMITTED AGAINST THE YAZIDIS 3M ve so. Country of commission Country of commission Rwanda Rwanda Country of commission Unknown - Syria or Iraq Jurisdictional basis Jurisdictional basis Universal jurisdiction Universal jurisdiction Jurisdictona basis Active personality Suspect Suspect SM. Rwandan national VK. Rwandan national, former Suspect businessman $0. Belgian national Country of residence of suspect Belgium Country of residence of suspect Country of residence of suspect Belgium Unknown Charges As the case is at the investigation Charges Charges stage. the suspect has not been Genocide: war crimes. Unknown formally charged. The investigation focuses on war crimes. Current status Current status Charged while under investigation Investigation completed: awaiting Current status confirmation of the charges; current Under investigation: detained Facts B locaton unknown VK was working 2s a businessman Facts in the Butare region in Rwanda. fae SM. is suspected of having During the 1994 genocide, he Between 2014 and 2017, ISIS participated in the 1994 genocide allegedly carried out war crimes committed genocide against the of the Tutsi in Kigali, Rwanda. and crimes of genocide against the Yazidi community in Iraq and Tutsi minority Syria. ISIS committed multiple Procedure massacres, killing thousands of On 28 March 202, an arrest Procedure Varidis, ensiaving more than 4000 Warrant was issued for SM. He On 21 June 2023, VK, was arrested women and children and displacing Was placed in detention while the and charged with genocide and war hundreds of thousands. investigation continues. crimes. He was placed in pre-trial detention while the investigation S10. was denied during the ongoing took place structural investigation i Belgium into crimes of genocide committed agains the Yazds in Syria and rag Procedure In 2024, the Federal Prosecutor's Office made its final submission with a view to refering S's case to the Brussels Court of Assizes (Cour dassises). The Brussels Pre- Trial Chamber has issued an order in absentia for SD. to be taken into custody. The Criminal Chamber is now expected to refer the file to the Brussels Court of Asszes (Cour dassises). {TI Eylgwup on other cases DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | {On 24 July 2024 VK Was |. Christophe Ndangali (JAR 2023. | [esaemarelseonten | 25, teinestgaions organs : investigation is ongoing. j OVI WAR 204 p 3) te | investgatonisongoing. | jn qigaonis ongoing. + TK and MB. (LAR 2019, p. 18) 0 date has been set yet fo the apening of heir ria. + Name withheld - Syrian national. alleged former member of ISIS (UJAR 2024, p. 35): the investigation Ongoing structural investigation + Structural investigation regarding he crimes of genocide commited against the Yazidis by Belgian nationals, within the Federal Prosecutors Offce, there are curenty 13 open es concerning Belgian nationals suspected of ilvementin the Yazid genocide. In February 2018, Elid travelled to Canada and claimed asylum. In ‘CANADIAN ALLEGED FORMER ~~ May 2024, he received Canadian MEMBER OF ISIS CHARGED citizenship. WITH WAR CRIMES IN IRAQ 2 Procedure Ahmed Fouad Mostafa Eldidi On 28 July 2024, Eldidi and his 26-year-old son were arrested for County of commission allegediy plotting an ISIS attack in iraq Toronto. Eldidi and his son were charged with several terrorism Jurisdictional basis offences. while Elid was also Active personality charged with aggravated assault in a foreign country for his alleged Suspect involvement in the dismembering Ahmed Fouad Mostafa Eldidi, ofapersoniniraqin 2015. Canadian national, alleged former member of 515, Following investigation by the Integrated National Security Canada Toronto, in December 2024, Edi was further indicted fo the Charges war crimes of murder, torture, War crimes of murder. torture, Mutilation and outrages upon mutilation and outrages upon Personal dignity for the same personal dignity; conspiracy to incident. commit murder; terrorism offences Current status Indicted: awaiting tral: detained Facts Ahmed Fouad Mostafa Eldidi is alleged o have been a member of ISIS in Iraq during ts peak in 2014 and 2015, He is suspected of being the individual who appeared in 2 propaganda video released by the SIS branch in northwest Iraq in June 2015. The video shows a person suspended from a cross being dismembered by 2 man wearing a black robe and 2 cap bearing the SIS logo gl FINLAND | abuses inficted on captured and In December 2023, the Supreme deceased Ukrainian soldiers, which Court of Finland decided. that RUSSIAN CITIZEN ON TRIAL have been filmed and shared on Perovsky could not be extradited FOR WAR CRIMES ALLEGEDLY Soci! med to Ukraine due to the risk of Yan Petrovsky served as a co-founder and detention for possible extradition commander of the unit and to Were therefore no longer Country of commission have been responsible for the applicable. the Supreme cout Ukraine commission of several war crimes Ordered his immediate release. On in the autumn of 2014 in eastern the same day. the Finnish Border Jurisdictional basis Ukraine. In 2022. he was added Guard took him back into custody Universal jurisdiction to the European Union and United On the basis of the Aliens Act. Ses santas Se oom in Prosecutor General announced the Voiistav Torden, Russian national, Petrosky initially entered Finland 9Pening of an investigation into alleged former commander of in August 2022. Having returned to Fetrovsky's alleged involvement in “Task Force Rusich”, a far-right Russia a few days ater, he entered '® commission of war crimes in peramiiayunitinke o Russian Finland agai n uy 2023. He is S956 Ustane during he period ‘combat operations in Ukraine reported to have been granted a lanuan io eeembe? oe one-year residence permit, baseq 2015-0n 18 December. the District Country of residence of suspect on family ties, under the name Count ot a Unknown Vojistav orden took place. Charges Procedure arrested at the Helsink airport. Cours mes commen Current status suspected of having violated icon cantence for two violations On rat: detained European Union sanctions by Byoonsmyans entering the country. under Facts the name Vojstav Torden. The 11 0cioner 2026. the National Task Force Rusichs a Russianfar- District Court of Helsinki ordered 20% 230% he atone) right paramiltary unit. established his detention at an ImMIGratian rae y. mag amaptetes ne In 2014. 1t fought with pro-Russian detention center on he basso the nensiiation. nro. bevevsky s separatist forces in the Donbas Aliens Act. A procedure was aS uoce movement in war mes region of Ukraine in the first phase iniated to cancel his residence in" gnraina. Tne. investigation of the Russo-Ukrainian war, and permit aves tise tooperaton win has subsequently been linked the Ukrainian authorities, Europol. to Russian combat operations In August 2023, the Prosecutor Eurojust and the Internationa since Russia's fllscale invasion General's Office of Ukraine Criminal Court. of Ukraine in 2022. The unit requested Petrovsky’s extradition has developed a reputation for on charges of participation in 3 On 31 Octaber 2026, the Deputy particular brutality and links to terrorist organization. In order to prosecutor General charged neo-Nazi ideology. ths reportedly ensure possible extradition, the Petraveky with fv counts of war been implicated nthe commission District Court of Eastern Uusimaa crimes. Tho charges relate to his of multiple war crimes, including _ extended his detention. alleged activities as deputy-head of the Russian paramilitary unit Task Force Rusich. According to the indictment, he was involved in the unlawful killing of 22 Ukrainian Soldiers and the serious wounding of four. He is further suspected of unlawful conduct amounting to war crimes with respect to acts concerning the conduct of hostilities and the treatment of ‘wounded and killed soldiers. The trial started on 5 December 2024 and is expected to last until the end of January 2025. Ea Facts On 5 June 2024, the Investigative Adi Mayalen is suspected of Chamber of the Paris Court of FUNCTIONAL IMMUNITY having provided economic and Appeal followed the civil parties’ DENIED 10 THE FORMER financial support to the former reasoning and found ha uncial GOVERNOR OF THE SYRAN S17 S07 Asics minted rt oy noes ? in numerous war crimes and _inemational crimes. Toe defense CENTRAL BANK FOR crimes against humanity, in his has referred the case to the CHARGES OF COMPLICITY IN ci a5 governor of the Syrian Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY (cri on AND WAR CRIMES The hearing before the Supreme yan yar) CEE So snes on 26 Woh Country of commission opened on the charges of crimes In parallel, on 21 May 2024, Syria against humanity, war crimes. following a request from Adib and complicity in these crimes Mayaleh, th investigative judges Justicronal vasts ‘committed since March 2011. cancelled his indictment. on the Active personality basis that there was insufficient On 5 December 2017, a judicial evidence against him at this usheet investigation was opened on stage of the proceedings. They French-Syrian national. former yaniv, war crimes, complicity intermediary status of assisted governor of the Syrian Central Bank ;, these crimes, and laundering of witness. the proceeds of hese crimes County of residence of suspect On 21 ay 2026, he prosecser France On 16 December 2022. Adib appealed the decision of the Mayaleh was arrested on French invesiaiv udges. On 15 January E¥arges territory. 2025, the Court of Appeal confirmed Complicity in crimes. against the status of assisted witness for humanity of willful killing. 0, 57 pecember 2022. Adib Adib Mayaleh. imprisonment and torture: Mayaleh was charged while under ‘complicity in war crimes of willful joo yigation (mis en examen. Kling, wilfully causing serious injury to body or health and g, 50 une 2023, Adib Mayaten deprivation of liberty committed cy engeq his indictment and against civilians; laundering of rq,eq fis functional immunity the protests of tress srisaes precluded any proceedings against participation in a oroup formed bres forthe purpose of preparing war sings On 26 January 2024. the International Federation for Human Current status Rights (FIDH) and the Syrian Under investigation placed under Rants (FIOH) and the Syrian the status of assisted witness Expression (SCM) joined the case as. SENTENCE OF LIFE According to the United Nations {~~~ IMPRISONMENT FOR THREE Commission of Inquiry on Syria. DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 HIGH-RANKING SYRIAN the a-Mezeh detention center had | Ai Mamlouk, Jamil Hassan | OFFICIALS COMPLICIT IN one of the highest mortality ratesin | and Abdel Salam Mahmoud | CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY 5/7 er ed an absent before | AND WAR CRIMES Procedure | 21102 May 2024. i Ali Mamlouk, Jamil Hassan ~~ On “ Dobe 24% soni Wtheylwere loemeeesliolitl and Abdel Salam Mahmoud 2% ed before the Paris Tribunal | ment for the crimes | by Obeida Dabbagh, a Syrian- | PrISonment for the crimes | French national, on behalf of his | 25! "men of elberate Country of commission {attacks on Ute, torture, | Syria nephew and brother, Mazen and | o11qrcoq gisappearance and | Patrick Dabbagh, together Wththe | ui onan o ther serious | International Federation or Human i ursdictiona basis deprivation of erly as well | FR Rights (FIDH) and its member ou Lt EY SCTE Passive personality 1 organization in France, the Ligue | of property commited against | _— des droits de (Homme (LOH) | patrick and Mazon Dabbagh. | Three Syrian nln A MAIOUk In October 2018, judges of the + The des ound tht Mamlovk. © a a French specialized unit for the | Hassan and Mahmoud | Secuty Bureau Jamil HESS prosecution of imernatonal | Inciors immny coud ne er mio Say Crimes issued international arest | be invoked given the charges | Ieligence SAFI nd AOS Le sgn Mamiouk Hassan | © Inert crimes browht | nae vo Hanoi ; 0031 March 2022, the investigative County of residence of suspects on ” judges completed the judicial i investigation. Charges 0n27 January 2023. the prosecutor Ba Complicity in crimes against © ho eee humanity of deliberate attacks on 1 uested Mamiouk. Hassan and Hor toto enfrens aappeonaren Mahmud be sent torial before the ro ores. Paris Criminal Cour or complicity in the crimes against humanity of rivation of erty. complicity in a Of per comPUSY I" eiverate attacks on fe, torture enforced disappearance and imprisonment or other serious EE deprivation of liberty as well Three accused convicted in absentia; sentenced to fe imprisonment 25 INE War crimes of extortion and concealment of extortion of fasie property committed against Patrick InNoverer 2013 Patrick Dabbagn "9 M276" D203 and ister Mazen DBBBSON D301 202, the stig rested in thon home in Damascus, 1040€ ordered their indictment Jrrestedintheir omen DOMISCUS before the Paris Criminal Court on by Syrian Air Force Inteligence vio'® 11¢ Por (SAFI) agents and detained for o interrogation at the al-Mezzeh detention center. Neither one has been seen since. In 2016, the wife and daughter of Mazen Dabbagh were evicted from their family home by the Syrian authorities. In summer 2018, the Dabbagh family received formal notification from the Syrian authorities that Patrick and Mazen Dabbagh had died. TECHNICAL EXPERT On 26 March 2012, the Office In 2023, the investigative judges APPOINTED TO CARRY of the Prosecutor at the Paris issued a decision refusing to OUT EXPERT ANALYSISON Tribunal considered that there carry out several investigative SURVEILLANCE TECHNOLOGY ere insufficient grounds to open acts requested by the defense Sind i an investigation. However. the and the prosecutor, including an a NTAGILTy Meslcatveiudgedecdadon 23May exper analysis of the technical oF E ACCOUNTABILITY. 3015 15 open a formal criminal capacities of the EAGLE technology. CASEOFTORTUREINLIBYA inyeciigation. On 15 January 2013, deeming that these acts were not PO the Pars Court of Appeal decided to necessary tothe investigation. Both J allow theinvestigation to proceed. the defense and the prosecutor appealed the judges’ refusal. As a J In January 2013, five Libyan vietims _ result, the Paris Court of Appeal joined the proceedings as civil partially overturned this decision Libya parties. They were heard in June and ordered the investigative and July 2013 by the investigative judges to proceed with some of the an judge. Another Libyan victim requested investigative acts. Joined the case and was heard on 1 December 2015. InMarch 2016, Suspects new evidence consisting of dozens | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 French company Amesys; WO o¢ qocuments from Gaddafi's | A technical expert was French executives of the company go. rity services came to light, | appointed by the investigative | reportedly showing the regime's | judges to carry out the expert © Country of residence of SUPECts gyqensive use of the surveillance | analysis. i France technologies provided by Amesys 1------------------ oe — totrack. arrest and torture politcal Complicity in torture. opposition 0n 30 May 2017, Amesys was Corrent status formally assigned the status of Under investigation: ive indictments ore waco tomo cousia Issued Wodismissd for complicity in torture committed in Libya between 2007 and 2011. Facts 102007. the company Amesys signed 1, june ang July 2021, two French 3 contract with the government ‘executives of the company. as well of Libya to provide surveillance as two employees and the company technologies for the purposes of jicoif ere charged while under intercepting communications and investigation (mis en examen) by the processing and analyzing data. This ve oyaaty ——— technology. called EAGLE algedy pr ronene allowed the Gaddafi regime (1969- 201) t0 repress dissident voices er 2021 and Jory 2022 andto commit serous numanrights pce 5 CI 27S SOE Hoses, executives and employees requested the annulment of the procedure and Procedure their indictments. On 19 October 2011. the International Federation for KUman 1 oer er 2022, the investigate Rights (FIDH) and its member ciaruper of the Paris Court of organization in France the Ligue pope confirmed the indictments des droits de (Homme (LOW) 10d9ed of pmesys ani ofits two execuives. acriminal complaint asc parties 7,20 LC EAC IES before the investigative judge atthe gc 7 ET TEESE BY 0S Paris Tribunal against AMesys and ye ngiciments were dismissed. its management, denouncing their alleged role as accomplices in acts oftorture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment n Libya, on the basis of universal jurisdiction. CONFIRMATION BY THE Facts On 21 December 2023, the COURT OF APPEALOF THE In 2011. the Syrian regime prosecutor appealed the arrest ARREST WARRANT AGAINST brutally repressed opponents’ warrant against then-president BASHAR AL-ASSAD FOR demonsiators, gong as oe Bashar asad on immunity COMPLICITY IN WAR CRIMES bug ig of the ames sonlidt. | gauncs In 2013, a reported by the United ANDCRIMES AGAINST Nations Fact Finding Mission intothe ~~~" HUMANITY FOLLOWING Alleged Use of Chemical Weapons in DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 2013 CHEMICAL ATTACKS the Syrian Arab Republic. chemical | In June 202, the Investigative | weapons, specifically sarin gas. | Chamber of the Paris Court © Bashar avAssad, Maher CTU TR LCT | Cowes the out | al-Assad, Ghassan ABD3S uring the armed conflict in Syria, | parties reasoning and upheld | and Bassam al-Hassan In August 2013, in Eastern Ghouta | the arrest warrant against | (ihe suburbs of Damascus), | Bashar al-Assad 1 Country of commission significant quantities of sarin were | or referred the | sia sedis wl pomed atacn ar | 1% Prose ered he indiscriminately targeted civilian | (2 16 TEN) BUA Jurisdictional basis areas, resulting in thousands of [oof 108 CRI TE Passive personally casuals. { Court is scheduled on | | 26 March 2025. i Suspects Procedure i i Four Syrian nationals: Bashar al- On 1 March 2021. the Syrian | On 8 December 2026, the | Assad. former president of Syria Center for Media and Freedom of | government of Bashar al. and head of the armed forces: Expression and individual victims | Assad was overthrown during Maher al-Assad. former presidents (one of French nationality) of the 3 major offensive by the Syrian brother and de faco leader of the chemical attacks filed a complaint | 99PoSion. led by the group | 4th Armored Division: General ang were admitted as civil parties, | H2yal Taher al-Sham. On the | (Ghassan Abbas, former director of A judicial investigation was opened | S2me doy. Bashar al-Assad Branch 450 of the Syrian Scientific for crimes against humanity ang | (°ft Syria for Russia, where Studies and Research Center war crimes in April 2021. Open | © is reported to have claimed (SRC): and General Bassam al- Society Justice Initiative, Syrian | */1V™ i Hassan, former presidential advisor Archive and Civil Rights Defenders ~~~ for strategic affairs and liaison later joined the case as civil officer between the presidential parties. In 2021 and 2022, several palace and the SSRC civil parties testified before the investigative judges and witnesses Country of residence of suspects were heard. Syria, Russia On 14 November 2023. the Charges investigative judges issued four Complicity in the war crimes of international arrest warrants willful kilings, willfully causing against then-president Bashar al- great suffering or serious injury Assad, the then-president’s brother to body or health and deliberate ang de facto leader of the 4th attacks against civilians; complicity Armored Division Maher al-Assad. in the crimes against humanity of then-director of Branch 450 of the wilful kilings and other inhumane SSRC General Ghassan Abbas and acts presidential advisor for strategic affairs and liaison officer between Current status the presidential palace and then- Under investigation international ~ SSRC General Bassam al-Hassan arrest warrants issued; one arrest for complicity in crimes against warrant under appeal humanity and complicity in war crimes. NEW CIVIL PARTY HEARD by BPP through its provision of FORMER RWANDAN HEAD IN CASE AGAINST THE. credit facile. access to foreign OF THE BUTARE CENTER FRENCH BANK BNP PARIBAS nancial markets and pelrol exports OF PUBLIC HEALTH ACCUSED OF COMPLICITY 10 [Me Sudanese government SENTENCED T0 27 YEARS IN INTERNATIONAL Tokers. OF IMPRISONMENT FOR CRIMES IN SUDAN ” COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE AND. MES INSU was subject 0 sanctions from the COMPLI! IN OENOCINE AND BNP Paribas an seior staff UnedNtons he uapeantrion CRMES ASANST HUMANITY and individual States, increasing ber Eugene Rwamucyo embers the government's reliance on the Country of commission sevkies providedy SNPS, Country of commission n Rwand: Suda In June 2016, BNPP was prosecuted oo" Jurisdictional basis. - we es Sates for soe Jurisdictional basis. Universal jurisdiction and active Ue States sanclions resticing ere juriggiction sh financial transactions with Sudan. However, the bank never faced rl. Suspects ol peeeniea Sui ves un Eugéne Rwamucyo, Rwandan BNP Paribas (BNPP) as a company | a sat "a 1509000 national, former head of the Center and senior staff members of the (cE Oren REY of Public Health of the University of company as individuals Butare, Rwanda Procedure ounteyof residence of suspects Country of residence of suspect Comeytrestenceossnects G0 Semper 2019, nine. COU » Sudanese victims, supported by — the International Federation for As the case is at the investigation Homan FIOM (FIOM) and Proect comp in genocide through stage, the suspects have nor EX00INE ste 106 0 cra ogo" or mental harm yet been formally charged. The COPIaInt agains! ETE Complicity in crimes. against thenvestigatve judges of the Pars investigation focuses on comply 11% PESO 9S 4 HEPAT humanity through extrajudicial incrmes spans naman rte 172urs ne comatntaties nat C0 LT" 0 Sn genie se well a franca) POHANG BOG serves 10 {i rcipnion ina crimes. including money laundering 9 group formed for the purpose of Sudan was subject o international and handing the proceeds of crime. preparing genocide and crimes Sanctions for committing crimes against humanity FI against ts civilians, the bank and a its senior staff became complicit in Under mstton is serio salt bacame COMPLE, ts Convicted; sentenced to 27 years Facts in prison: awaiting appeal trial From 2002 to 2008, BNP was 01 2% Aust 2020 8 TAG gotined the primary foreign bank of the ks 91 atrocities in Sudan before the time, Sudanese government forces 21 oC 10 SU9n B1OTE 108 gy amucyo was the head of the and ts milia called the Jomaweed ror. N2493! Center of Public Health of the were engaged in an armed ten Office, University of Butare in Rwanda conflict with rebel groups. They in 1994. He is accused of having In March and December 2022, one tamatcaty rend evans rand Decamoer 212, one LIC belonging to non-Arab ethic groups and of finishing off those already partes accompanied by FIDH were (particulary the Masali, Fur and Portes COmParied by FOR were ioc nthe gutare prefecture Zaghawa) in Darfur and other areas. v ative jug Government forces andalled militia + Procedure Killed, tortured, detained. forcibly | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | On 23 April 2007. the Collectif displace, raped and assaulted tens | doves des parties cvies pour le Rwanda ofthousands of civilians. In June 2024, a new cILpary | (cpCR) lodged a complaint Joined the case and was heard | gst Rwamucyo for his alleged These crimes sad to amount | TY NOIMSIBIOS, genocide. to genocide and crimes against humanity, were allegedly faciltated On 18 July 2007, the prosecutorof | THREE ADDITIONAL Lille opened a judicial investigation, | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | INTERNATIONAL ARREST which was transferred 10 Ruamucyo was tried before the | WARRANTS ISSUED AGAINST CPCRwas admit 3s a cilparty | SORUCITINVAR RIMES in the case i i was found guilty of the : neestamion, Tn marmatons | ches of comply genocide | B2Shar al-Assad Fahed Federation or Human Rights (FID) | 2° crimes against humanity as | 25serm al Frai) Al Abdallah also became a civil partyin 2010, | el 35 particpatng ina group | Ayoub, Ahmad Balloul, Al formed to prepare genocide and : Safetli, Nadim al-Jourdi and On 18 September 2013, Rwamucyo | ©" 253s Auman Ibrahim al-Chaher was charged while under | Hewas scauited of the charges investigation (mis en examen) for | of committing genocide and | Country of commission genocide through serious bodily or crimes against humanity as a | SY mental harm and crimes against | direct perpetrator humanity of extrajudicial execution, | Juristctonst basis torture and other inhumane acts, | WAMU vas sentenced to Passive persanaly He was placed under judicial 27 yearsctimprisonesi surveilance. Rwamucyo and the Public | SUSPects Oe on es Seven Syrian nationals: Bashar l- Gn 19 December 2018. the | appents agains is decison, | ASS30. former president of Syria investigative judge informed the © The dates for the appeal rial | and head of the armed forces: parties that he had completed his. have not yet ben st. Fahed Jassem al-Frai, former imestigatin. minister of defense: Ali Abdalah Ayoub. former chif of staff of On 7 April 2020, the prosecution the armed forces; Ahmad Ballou, issued its final submission former commander of the Ar Force requesting that Rwamucyo be sent and Air Defense: All Saft, former torial on charges of genocide and commander o the 64" Helicopter crimes against humanity. Srgade and commander of the Bley airport; Nadim al-Jourdi, former On 13 October 2020. the chief of staf of the 64° Helicopter investigative judge referred the Brigade; and Ibrahim al-Chaher, ‘case to the Paris Criminal Court for former chief of staff of the Air Force. complicity in genocide and crimes against humanity. Rwamucyo Country of residence of suspects appealed this decision. Syria In September 2022, the Paris Court Charges of Appeal rejected Ramucyo's Complicity in the war crimes of appeal and confirmed th referral deliberate attack against civilians of his case to the Paris Criminal and of murder of a person protected Court. The defense appealed by international humanitarian av this decision before the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassato). Current stows Investigation completed: seven In January 2023. the French international arrest warrants Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) issued. dismissed the appeal and defintely confirmed Ruamucyo's Facts refarrattathe Pais Criminal Court In 2011, the Syrian regime brutally epressedopponents demonstrations, giving rise to the beginning of the armed conflict On 7 June 2017 the ity of Deraa, an mare particularly he neighbourhood of Tareq al-c, was heavy bombed by the Syrian army. This attack, targeted against civil VERDICT CONFIRMED ON and remanded in custody. On infrastructure, cost the life of Salah APPEAL FOR THE FIRST 6 September 2019, he was released Abou Nabout, a French-Syrian CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY from pre-trial detention after a national CONVICTION IN THE CONTEXT Procedural error. Procedure OF THE LIBERIAN CVLWARS iy carty January 2020, Kamara n 2017, Omar Abou Nabout filed a Kuni Kamara was returned to prison afte failing complaint before the Paris Tribunal to fulfill an obligation related to on behalf of his father, Salah ABOU Country of commission his release. namely to live at an Nabout Since then. several judicial Liberia adress known to and agreed upon expert reports were requested and bythe judge. On 26 November 2020, multiple witnesses and experts urisictionsl basis the investigative judge charged were heard by the judges. Universal jurisdiction Kamara (mis en accusation) with the crimes of torture, barbaric In 2020, the Syrian Center for Media 5,spect acts and complicity in torture and and Freedom of Expression became unt Kamara, Dutch and Liberian _ 3991avated acts of barbarism. In a civil partyin the case. national. former commander December 2020, the prosecutor of the armed group the United appealed the failure to charge On 180ctober 2023, the investigative | iperation Movement of Lieria for Kamara with. crimes against judges of the French specialized unit Democracy (ULIMO) humanity. In 2021, the investigating for the prosecution of international chamber ruled in favor of the crimes issued international ares! Country of residence of suspect Prosecutor and expanded the warrants against al-Frai. Ayoub. France charges to include crimes against Balloul and Safe for complicity in humanity in addition to the crimes the war crimes of delberate atacks cargos of torture and acts of barbarism. against civilians and murder of a Torture, barbaric acts and person protected by international complicy in these crimes; crimes Kamara's trial before the Paris humanitarian aw. jonni Criminal Court began on 10 October and ended on 2 November 2022. | DEVELOPMENTS IN2024 | cont C0 i on appeal; Which 27 witnesses and experts In March 2026, the investigative | case closed and 10 civil parties were heard, i judges completed their | Kamara was found guily 3s an investigation. - accomplice of the crime against H | During the first Liberian civil war humanity of torture for the rape | foaeed he 100m 6 1% | arm grou LMG. icnnes is sbordinats on particulary wo addons arrest warrante. | formed to fight former Liberian vulnerable people. He was further H | president Charles Taylor's National found guilty as a perpetrator of © On 4 September 2026, the | patriotic Front of iver. According 3CtS Of torture and barbarism, investigative judges issued two | to. the final judgment, in his bY Sublecting a man to severe oddilonalarrestwarran'sa0inst | capacity 23 8 ULM commander, Suffering and participating in | sors hin LCi Kamara commis the he sul satin f is ear for complcyinthewarcrimes of | cri os eh executing a sick woman accused | deberote stacks SANSLCHIBTS | cramp aosemvemem. vetuns ang Of WHChCTaft who had just lost her and murder of a person protected | canis in Lofa County, Liberia D2bY. subjecting two men to forced § yimermationl humarkarian tow. | pee CC core roo tor ure mmm conitons i od] and torturing a civilian. He was the investigative judges issued | On 23 July 2018, the NGO Civitas PPealed the decision {an amest warrant against | Maxima filed a complaint in the former Syrian president Bashar name of Liberian victims before | alassad for complicity in | the French specialized unit for the the war crimes of delerate | prosecution of international crimes. attacks against clans and | On 4 September 2018, Kamara + murderofaperson protected by | was arrested by the French police international humanitarian aw. | MULTINATIONAL LAFARGE vicinity. The company allegedly + DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | AND ITS FORMER EXECUTIVES entered into negotiations with ISIS. | Between 26 February and | TO STAND TRIAL FOR to purchase il and pozzolan (a 22 March 2026 appesl FINANCING TERRORISM material used to make concrete) | proceedings took place in | ugynee INVESTIGATION from them, as well as to obtain Paris. On 27 March 2026. | ne TEe VEST oficial ISIS passes for crossing i the Court of Assizes (Cour ee Aman checkpoints in order to maintain its. | dassises) confirmed the first | INCRIMES AGAINST production inthe area Testimonies. {instance ruling. The court | HUMANITY CONTINUES also point to Lafarge risking the. | sentenced Kamara to 30 years | ves of ts employees, who suffered of imprisonment. On the same | Lafarge SA Eric Olsen and. iyoappinge ang extortion, and | day. Kamara lodged an appeal | Others violating a number of basic labor (pourvo en cassation) to the | rights. The company allegedly French Supreme Court (Cour | Country of commission worked out “arrangements” with de cassation) contesting this | Syria ret rove, ating i nd decision. I. Jabhat al-Nusra, around the factory On 25 June 2026 the Supreme | puedctnatbde rom 2012-2015 amounting to at | Count req tat Kamara | Urea uridicion and ace est EUR 13.000 00. ccrdingo | appealhadlapsedduetofailing | v the judicial inquiry. to meet the legal deadline for | ( submitting his legal argument | TPC procedure i memo. This ruling puts an end ren nen MPANY in September 2016, the French {to the proceadings, and no | Lafarge SA. which merged minicior of fiance filed a complaint further means of appeal are | i 2015 with Holcim and became yorore the Paris prosecutor available tothe partes LafargeHolcim, and was renamed yggingt LafargeHolcim for its a. Holcim in 2021: Eric Olsen. former 4yiegeq illegal purchase of oil in deputy director of the Company. Syriz despite the European Union seven top executives of the gmuargg issued in 2012. The Paris French-Swiss Holcim 910up 300. progecytor opened an investigation 0 of its subsidiary Lafarge Cement n gerchc” 201s. Syria: and one Syrian-Canadian intermediary between Lafarge and gp 15 November 2016, 11 Syrian ISIS. The primary suspects are former Lafarge employees. and French and Norwegian nationals. ne norman rignts groupe Sherpa and the European Center for Countries of residence of the suspects Constitutional and Human Rights France and Switzerland (ECCHR) filed a criminal complaint as civil parties in Paris against Charges Lafarge, Lafarge Cement Syria Complicity in crimes against ng their current and former top humanity: financing of a terrorist executives for the financing of enterprise; violation of the yorrorigm, complicity in crimes European Union embargo on il against humanity commited in purchases Syria, endangerment of people's. tives and or a series of labor rights Current status boistnly Indicted; awaiting trial on charges of financing errrism and violaon gn 9 une 2017, thee investigative of an embargo: charged while jqges of the Paris Tribunal under investigation (misn examen) opaneq an investigation into the for complicity in crimes against cme alleged by the plaints humanity In September 2017, three of the victims were heard by one of the Face investigative judges. Lafarge owned and ran a cement factory in Jalabia, SY1e. petween December 2017 and May From 2012 on. several armed 01g eight former executives. Groups operated in the factory's including former CEOS. of the Holcim group, were charged On 7 September 2021. the workers and the French parent while under investigation (mis en Supreme Court ruled that Lafarge's company. The court relied on the. examen) with financing terrorism indictment for complicity in crimes permanent interference of Lafarge ‘and endangerment of people's ives. against. humanity was wrongly in the management of ts subsidiary. amongst other charges, and were dismissed by the Paris Court of in Syria, as had been highlighted by. requested to provide the courts with Appeal, finding that knowingly the Supreme Court. The court thus a depositof several millon euros. In transferring millions of dollars found that there was serious or September 2019.2 Syrian-Canadian to a terrorist organization with corroborating evidence tha Lafarge alleged former intermediary knowledge of its criminal nature may have been complicit in crimes. between the company and ISIS was sufficient to establish the against humanity and may have suppliers was also charged. moral element for complicity endangered the lives of its Syrian in crimes against humanity. workers and upheld both charges. 0n 28 June 2018. three investigative without the necessity to establish judges of the Paris Tribunal charged whether Lafarge was driven On 18 October 2022. in a separate while under investigation (mis en by an intent to commit crimes proceeding in the United States. ‘examen the legal entity Lafarge against humanity. The court also Lafarge SA and Lafarge Cement SA (now Holcim) with complicity ruled that Lafarge’s indictment Syria pleaded gully before a in crimes against humanity. for endangerment of peoples’ federal court to conspiring to financing a terrorist enterprise. lives was wrongly confirmed by provide material support to foreign endangerment of people's lives the Paris Court of Appeal. finding terrorist organizations and agreed and violation of an embargo. The that it had not sufficiently justified to pay USD 778 000 000 in fines. investigative judges ordered the the application of French law to and forfeiture. I is the first time company to hand over EUR 30.000 the case of Syrian workers. The that a company was prosecuted in 000 to the judicial authorities as a Supreme Court therefore referred the United States on this charge. security deposit ahead ofa possible the case back to the Paris Court of ~ The media reported that in court, trial, Appeal for a new decision on both the Lafarge chair said the former charges. In addition. it confirmed company executives knowingly and On 24 October 2019. the Sherpa's inadmissibiity as a civil wilfully agreed to participate in a a Investigation Chamber of the party on all charges and ECCHR's conspiracy to make and authorize: Paris Court of Appeal rejected the _inadmissibilty for all charges payments intended for the benefit admissibility of Sherpa and the except the complicity in crimes of various armed groups in Syria ECCHR as civil parties. against humanity charge. The plea agreement is distinct from the French criminal proceedings On 7 November 2019, the Court of ~ The Supreme Court sent the legal and does not address the central Appeal confirmed the indictments challenges against the various question of corporate complicity of the Lafarge executives and of indictments back to a newly in international crimes and the Lafarge company itself for composed Court of Appeal. reparations for those affected. financing a terrorist enterprise. endangerment of people's lives On 18 May 202 the Paris Court of In 2023, Lafarge filed another and violation of a European Union Appeal upheld all charges against appeal to the Supreme Court embargo. However. it dismissed the parent company Lafarge. In against the 18 May 2022 decision the charges of complicity in crimes confirming the charge of complicity of the Court of Appeal, which had against humanity fo the company in crimes against humanity. the upheld all charges against the arguing that the money transfers Court of Appeal reiterated the legal company. Central to Lafarge’s had an economic purpose and findings of the Supreme Court that claim was. that the Supreme were not driven by an intention there was serious or corroborating Court needed to decide whether to participate in crimes against evidence that Lafarge knowingly the Court of Appeal was right in humanity. chose to maintain its activites in ruling that French law governs the the region by financing armed and employment relationship between In November 2019. Sherpa and terrorist groups. With regard tothe the multinational Lafarge and the ECCHR appealed the rejection charge of deliberately endangering its Syrian subsidiary’s workers. of their civl party applications and the lives of its subsidiary’s in order to uphold the charge of the dismissal of the complicity in employees in Syria, the Court of deliberate endangerment of the crimes against humanity charges Appeal further found that French Syrian workers lives. tothe French Supreme Court (Cour law was applicable under private. de cassation). Defense lawyers international law, as there was also appealed the 7 November a closer connection between the confirmation of indictments As a result. on 14 March 2023,the © ‘Supreme Court's criminal chamber, | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 — assigned to the case. requested | On 16 January 2026 the | FRENCH ALLEGED FORMER the formal opinion of the Supreme | Supreme Court made its final | MEMBER OF ISIS INDICTED FOR Court's social rights chamber on decision and confirmed the | COMPLICITY IN GENOCIDE AND the question of whether French | Lafarge company's indictment | Cries AGAINST HUMANITY Labor laws on employee safety are: for complicit in crimes against | CUES PORST OMES overriding mandatory provisions | humanity while dismissing the | COMMITTED AGAINST YAZIDIS providing protections that are of | charge of endangerment of | | ii public interest and thus cannot : workers’ lives. be derogated. On 4 July 2023, the © (Co commission social chamber issued fs opinion | 1 1¢ 1% 2026: French C hatrules about security BIGAONS {ye 2 0 vm ne forthe employer are not OVrridNg | (oC iol bare a French | Jurisdictionat basis mandatory provisions” = Which | criminal court for financing | Active personality would apply in all instances. The | 5 (0 1aies organization and social chamber concluded that | yigiating an embargo. The Suspect nese rules cannot justly Sons | Hemi ets omy | Loa C. French national, alleged the application of French law to in its legal enti, four former | Oe" Member of SIS the working relationship between : top executives of the parent | Country of residence of suspect the subsidiary Syrian workers © and is subsidiary, two former | France and Lafarge. The human rights staff members of the subsidiary organizations, plaintiffs in this : and two former intermediaries, : Charges case, including ECHR, Sherpa | including 2 Syrian businessman. | Complicity in genocide and crimes. and the International Federation | No appl ha been fled against | against humanity: participation in a for Human Rights (FIDH) along ith the are to stand ria The rial | terrorist criminal association former Lafarge employee laitifs | is scheduled to take place from | inthis case argued that regardless | 4 November to 9 December | Current status ofthe qualification of these rules as | 2025 Charged while under investigation B overriding mandatory provisions. | 1c invectgation onthe | To omen: detained French law should apply to the companys complicity in crimes | Facts employment relationship based ON gaint humanity continues. In August 2014 IIS fighters invaded the criteria of a closer connection | 1 | Mount Sar. the stronghold of te derived from private international Yaris a Kurdish-speaking religious law regulations. ‘minority in northern Iraq. Thousands were led an thousands of women The criminal chamber of the ‘and teenage girls were kidnapped and Supreme Court held ts subsequent sexually enslaved in Iraq and Syria. hearing on 18 September 2023. In an exceptional turn, instead Loita C. a French citizen who left of issuing its awaited decision. France or Syrian 2014s accused the Supreme Court, on 3 October of having enslaved an year-old 2023, ordered the reopening of Yazidi chi in 2017. the debates regarding a potential I decision to cancel the charge of In August 2021, upon her expulsion enangering the ves ofits Syrian from Turkey to France, Lolita C. was. employees without referring the charged while under investigation case back othe lover court (mise en examen) on charges of participating in a terrorist criminal association. In June 2026, Loita C. was charged whie under investigation (mise en examen) on further charges of complicity in genocide and crimes against humanity. for having ensiaved an B-year-ld Yazdichid n 2017 in Syria RWANDAN NATIONAL DISMISSAL OF CASE AGAINST Procedure. CHARGED WITH GENOCIDE AND FORMER CHADIAN REBEL On 18 January 2017. the French CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ARMED GROUP LEADER authorities imposed a six-month DCROUPLE freeze on Nour's financial assets Madjaliwa Safari Mahamat Nouri On 10 May 2017, on the basis of a referral by the French Office for County of commission Counties of commission the Protection of Refugees and Rwanda Chad and Sudan Stateless Persons (OPFRA) and following a ejection of his asylum Jurisdictional basis Jurisdictional vasis requests on the basis of Article 1F Universal jurisdiction Universal jurisdiction ofthe 1951 Refugee Convention, an investigation into Nouris alleged Suspect Suspect crimes was opened at the French Madjaliwa Safari, Rwandan national Mahamat Nouri, Chadian national, National Anti-Terrorist Prosecution former associate of Hisséne Habré Offic. the French specialized unit Country of residence of suspect and drss Déby, then leader ofthe or the prosecution of international France Union of Forces for Demacracy and _ crimes. Development (UFDD) charges On 17 June 2019, Nouri and two Genocide: crimes against humanity Country of residence of suspect other persons were arrested by France the French police on suspicion of Current status crimes against humanity. Nouri Indicted: detained Charges was suspected of having ordered Crimes against humanity participation recruitments of fighters, ncluing Facts ina criminal organization in order fo child soldiers. between 2005 Safari is accused of having commit crimes against humanity 3nd 2010 in Chad and Sudan. Nour participated in the murder of appeared on 21 June 2019 before Tutsi civilians in the provinces of Current status the investigative judges who indicted « Gitarama and Butare between April Case dismissed him for crimes against humanity and July 1994. He allegedly played and participation in a criminal a decisive role in the arrests and Facts organization in order to commit executions of Tutsi at a roadblock According to th indictment, Nouri crimes against humanity. He was. known as Chez Premier” was the leader ofthe Chadian rebel then placed in pre-trial detention. armed group UFOD. He allegedly Procedure Initiated series of stacks against On 27 March 2020, Mahamat Nouri Rwandan authorities issued an government positions in eastern Ws released from detention on arrest warrant against Safari Chad in autumn 2006, After the Sanitary grounds because of the in 2017 and the French specialized failure of peace talks in 2007, Covid-19 pandemic. He benefited unit for the prosecution of Nouri reportedly launched an from a health precautionary international crimes opened an attack on the capital NDjamena in measure due to his age (ne was investigation into his case in February 2008. He was repelled 73 years old at the time of the November 2019. In July 2023. after days of heavy fighting by the decision). The judge ordered his he was charged while under army with the backing of French judicial supervision. investigation (mis en examen) troops. for genocide and crimes against He returned to Chad in 2022 to humanity. and arrested near Saint- In 2010, Nouri and two other participate in negotiations between Pirre-des-Corps. where he ved. rebel chiefs were expelled from rebels and governmental authorities ) Sudan, where they had based of NDjamena. In February 2023 SU nee operations, after Sudan and the French National Anti-Terrorist : DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Chad normalized their diplomatic Prosecution Office requested © On 6 December 2026, Safari | relations NourifledtoLibya. where 3 dismissal of the case for was indicted on charges of | the UFDD had established bases on insufficiency of evidence. genocide and crimes against | the northern border with Chad He © humanity. | was expelled from Libya to Qatar | i in 2010 before arriving in France a | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © year later. i On 15 November 2024, the case | was dismissed. i FORMER SPOKESPERSON OF or serious injury to body or health. On 12 May 2023, the Supreme Court SYRIAN OPPOSITION ARMED deliberate attacks against civilians concluded that, for French courts GROUP JAYSHAL-ISLAMTO and enforced disappearances. to prosecute international crimes. BE TRIED ON COMPLICITY i vats fen 2 i] rocedure sufficient for the foreign legislation INWAR CRIMES CHARGES 00 26 June 2019. the Syrian of the country where the crimes. Majdi Nema (alias Islam Center for Media and Freedom of were committed to punish the Alloush) Expression (SCM. the International underlying acts of international Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) crimes (such as murder or rape, Country of commission and its member organization in even if these are not explicitly Swa France the Ligue des droits de classified as war crimes. Doing [Homme (LOH) filed a complaint so. the French Supreme Court Fr—— against Nema for crimes committed _ definitively confirmed the French Universal jurisdiction by Jaysh alisam. courts jurisdiction over war crimes committed in Syria. and over — Following this complaint, Nema ~ Nema's case. Maidi Nema, Syrian national, former #35 arrested on 29 January 2020 Spokespereonol taysh aLloam In Marseille. He was charged Regarding the legal requirement of while under investigation (mis en the suspect's habitual residence in County of residence of suspect ©1amen for war crimes, torture, France to allow prosecution under Francs enforced disappearances and universal jurisdiction, the court complicity in these crimes. The found that this criterion was subject FE investigative judges performed toa case-by-case factual evaluation Complicity in the war crime of SéVerdl procedural acts including of te lower courts, but specified a recruitment of cid soldiers: Nearingsof victims, ci partiesand set of indicators for establishing participation in group forme for Winesses. 3 sufiien comecton botween opts of presaring war eres rance and the person prosecuted. thepurposeolpreparing In July 2020, Nema lodged an S—— appeal against his indictment. With regards to acts of torture = Indicted awaiting tril detained C13Ming that the French courts perpetrated by non-State groups. lacked jurisdiction. the Supreme Caurt took note of the: — evolution of international law in Layo alislam is a rebel armea 1 APril 2022, the Paris Court of this area and confirmed tha such rap formed in 2013, opposed Appeal stated that French courts acs could indeed be attributed to the former Syrian regime. and 0 Nave jurisdiction over war persons acing for o on behalf of Which has becn operating mainly TIMES. torture and enforced a non-State group when the group in Eastern Ghouts (the suburbs SISaPPEarances committed by exercises quasi-governmental of Damascus, Syrial. This group Med 8roups in Syria. authority. is suspected of being involved in numerous crimes. including the Nema appealed his decision before On 19 July 2023, th investigative Sbduetion torture. and enforced he French Supreme Court (Cour de judges of the specialized unit for disappearance of human rgnts C3SSaton. the prosecution of international lawyers Razan Zaitouneh. Nazem crimes ordered that Nema be sent attomma and Wael Homada On 17 March 2023, the Supreme to tial before the Paris Criminal dof the palest activist Samp Court held a hearing in plenary Court for complicity in the war pie Session on the Nema case, together crimes. of recruitment of child with the Chaban case (see UJAR soldiers, will kilings, wilfully Nema, also known under his 2024. 55). to determine whether causing great suffering or serious os em Alsen wax. the principle of double criminality injury to body or health and toni afcal oma spokecperean, lowed French courts to exercise deliberate attacks against civilians. Tor Taye at Islam between 2013 _Iuridiction over crimes against 3s wel 3s compli in enforced 3 2014 He wee allegedly ove Numan. war crimes and crimes. disappearances and participation or er tant Of torture committed in Syria, in a group formed for the purpose of child soldiers, wilt wings, though those legal qualifications of preparing war crimes. They willl emusing great suffering 376 NOt embedded in Syrian excluded the charge of torture. The tegistaton. defense appealed this decision. 0n 20 Novernber 2023, the Court Mbarushimana for his aleged role of Appeal dismissed the charges. = in the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda. of complicity in the war crimes of DISMISSAL OF THE CASE wilful killings, wilfully causing AGAINST FORMERHEADOF The same year, an investigation great suffering or serous niury 10 17 AT THE UNITED NATIONS "5 launched by the French body or health, deliberate attacks. pu l0n ELT ERn CRUE specialized uit for th prosecution against civilians and complicity of international crimes (PNAT. in enforced disappearances. It 'NKIGALL RWANDA confirmed Nema's referral to the (te Mbarushimana 1n2010,Caliste orushiman was Criminal Court for complicity in charged while under investigation the war crime of recruitment of coo onan (mis en examen) for crimes against child solders and paricoation in aang humanity and complicity in those a group formed for the purpose of crimes. preparing war crimes. Jurisdictional basis ne In October 2010, the International The civil partes appealed this Federation for Human Rights (FDH) decision before the Supreme Court... was admited as a civ party. Callie Mbarushimana, Rwandan i national, former head of IT at On 28 September i | DEVELOPMENTS IN2024 | parionel fo0mer need oF 21 ternational Criminal Court (CC) {On 14 February 202. the | programme (UNDP) in Kigali, 'sSued 2 sealed arrest warrant Supreme Court confirmed the | prongs against Calle Mbarushimana for dismissal of the charges of | war crimes and crimes against complicity in the war crimes humanity committed against {of willul killings. willl | goo - civilians in 2009 in the east of the causing great suering or | Demacratic Repubic of the Congo. | serous injury obodyarhealth | when he was Executive Secretary ond delberste stacks against | IS ees Democatques do { civilians and complicity in CA ¥ 2% Uiraton du Rwanda (FOLR) Calite ; complicity in these crimes JJepicieeaaisanreatasices] H Mbarushimana was arrested in Maid Nema will be tried from | Current status France on 30 September 2010 and © 28 April 2025 to 23 May 2025 | Case dismissed; under appeal \ransterred tothe ICC * beforethe Paris Criminal Court | Norrell sas In 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber | of the of recruitment of child soldiers | n 1994, Calite Mbarushimana ICC declined o confirm the charges © and for participating in 39roUp | was head of IT at the UNDP in 29ainst Callxte Mbarushimana and formed toprepare war crimes. | i. wanda. id not commit the case to trial. He was accused of having BetWeen 2013 and 2017. the roving. he. panion smay French investigators. travelled Be at the aan area several times to Rwanda to collect (the youth organization of the Evidence: National Republican Movement for Oemaracy and Doveopmenywin O71 Cor 202. ie PAT dosed ‘material from the UNDP and a ist of {1 investigation and dismissed Tutsi to il. He was also accused the charges against Callixte ving Himsa soreiptad 1 Mbarushimana for lackaf evidence, Some massacres The CPCR and FIDH appealed this Procedure decision In 2003, Callxte Mbarushimana obtained refuge status in France. where he sated In 2008, the Collectif des parties cies pour e Rwanda (CPCR) fied a complaint against Callxte REQUEST FOR NEW 102018 and 2019, th International SUBMISSION FILED BY INVESTIGATIVE ACTS Federation for Human Rights ~ CIVIL PARTIES TO REQUEST AGAINST A FRENCH ALLEGED (FIDH) assisted Yazidi Survivors NEW INDICTMENTS IN A FORMER MEMBER OF Isis No 9ave their testimonies fo CoE AGAINST FRENCH SUSPECTED OF GENOCIDE heard le SURVEILLANCE COMPANY AND CRIMES AGAINST pints ACCUSED OF COMPLICITY IN HUMANITY AGAINST YAZIDIS TORTURE AND ENFORCED Nabil Greseque On 10 uly 2020.ajudical investigation DISAPPEARANCES IN EGYPT. was open against Greseque or [I genocide andrimes against humanity ; a commited in Syria against Yaziis XCU11ves and employees between 2015 and 2016 a ountry of comission ursdicional basis Le Int 2023, Yr srvor was EOP heard by the investigative judges — and admitted inthe case as a cil Urisdctions basis Nabil Greseque, French national, Po" (ners alleged former member of SIS gu DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Nexa Technologies as a company: County of residencoot suspect SOT ee executives and employees of the known Unis new investigative acs as wells | COMPINY the ning of Greseaue's crimes. | Chr at mestgaion | S00 Pm cso wih a | OMY of since spect s the case is at the investigation | 22% "7" France stage, the suspect has not been | TE formally charged. Th investigation Charges focuses on genocide and crimes The investigation focuses on against humanity. charges of complicity in torture and enforced disappearances. Current status Under investigation Current status Under investigation; five indictments Facts (mises en examen) issued. all In Cress ravelegto yi dismissed tojoin si Facts In August 2014, ISIS fighters In uly 2017 the newspaper Troma invaded Mount Sine. the brought to light the existence of a stronghold of the Yazidis. a contract concluded by Amesys — Kardaiseskin relgus minority now Nexa Technologies - vith the in northern Iraq. Thousands were Egyptian regime. to sella software Jiled and thousands of women and called Cerebro”. The software was teenage girls were kidnapped and allegedly used by Egypt's al-Sisi sexually enstaved nag and Syria. regime to track down ts opponents and subsequently commit acts of Procedure torture and enforced disappearances In 2016, the prosecutor of the between 2014 and 2021. French specialized unit for the prosecution of international crimes Procedure opened a preliminary investigation On 9 November 2017. the into alleged genocide and crimes International Federation for Human humanity perpetrated by ISIS Rights (FIDH) and ts member against the Yazidi community in organization in France the Ligue Syria and rag des Droits de (Homme (LOH), with the support of th Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, filed a complaint for complicity in torture CONVICTION AND LIFE In 2005, Hategekimana obtained and enforced disappearances vith SENTENCE FOR ARWANDAN French citizenship and changed his the French specialized unit or the FORMER POLICE OFFICER name to Philippe Manier. prosecution of nernatonal cimes op CRIMES AGAINST regarding the participation of Nexa uel TEe LOCRSR 0 procedure Technologies in the repressive FORT IGL CLO! In June 2015. the Collectif des operations carried out by al CONFIRMED ONAPPEAL partie cvies pour le Rwanda fied isis regime. through the sale of pipe Hategekimana acomplain against Hotegekimana surveilance equipment. FE before the French specialized unit (Philippe Manier) for the prosecution of international 0030 Jaary 018 FIRSTS crimes as ci party. on de In September 2015, an investigation In June and uy 2021. our occas was opened and employes of Nea Tecnoioges CLE were charged wie under station In 2017. Hategekimana eft France mis en examen for complicity in for Cameroon and in 2018, an OAS FSOAONES. Syms INETIBonal arrest warrant was Philippe Manier in 2005), dual 150d 0ainsthim. Ni 2021. Nexa Technologies p13 ang French national, was charged whie under investigation "In April 2018, Hategelimana was former pice officer mise en examen) as a legal entity. arrested in Yaoundé, Cameroon, by the Cameroonian police In December 2021 and February gerne */ “5 we 2022. Ne Technologies adits four In 2019. France requested his indicted executives and employees extradition. which was granted requested the annulment of the by Cameroonian authorities. procedure and their indictments. Soros; conplicly ingersiciie Hategekimana was brought before crimes against humanity: aa mary: the French investigative judges and On 14 December 2072. the SETAE in crimes 20H gg chrges Hows nied Investigative Chamber of th Paris +71 PB201 10 9040 once npr rl detenion. Court of Appeals id not uphold the [E41 the view to prepa ules invoked but dismissed the On 20 September 2021 indictments for ack of sufficient investigative judges ordered that evidentiry basis and ordered the CINE ategekimana be sent to ial for continuation of the investigation. Con*1etec: Sentenced to fe gunocige compicity in genocide. The investigation must determine oe en crimes against humanity and ‘whether a link between the use of 2PP%"" participation in a group formed with the sureilance technology and the the view to prepare the comission repression of politcal opponents can |< of these crimes. The accused [Se Hategekimana was convicted Cool eer for having participated in the > In October 2023. a key witness 3%10Cde 3ganSt Tulse in Rwanda 1, 151,202, he Paris Court of was heard by the investigative 1 1° BU127® F801. In PATE" 00) confirmed Hategekimana's ludges regarding the alleged links v in April 199%. He w 9 referral to the Paris Criminal between the use of the surveilance 3 *9°% 1% 1071 1904 TE 9% Court. The Paris Court of Appeal technology by the Egyptian regime 0 additionally added to his charges. 2 Tuts mayor, having supervised and the crimes of torture and 4S MOR hang SUPENISE! 1, macgacre committed at the enforced disappearance under [oaoniocks med at control 304 joe of pgronomic Sciences of investigation der of Tuts 309 P29. anda. which aden dissed grosses murders, including at the Institute" 1 2071 indictment. | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Of Agronomic Sciences of Rwanda, 553 yng paris criminal In June 2024, th cil parties | an 2 Me NaBURATRANBNYAMUIE cour fung ategekimana guity fied a submission to request | of nearly al charges and sentenced | row iments 1999. Htepkimana fg 10 "© le imprisonment ve France where he obtained refugee °°" status Co UPCOMING TRIAL OF part of the DRC. In 2010, the DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | CONGOLESE FORMER Unites Nations fc o tn ign © Hategekimana's appeal tral took MINISTER AND REBEL Commissioner for Human Rights. © place before the Paris Criminal | ARMED GROUP COMMANDER Published a report implicating the | Cott openromarovmir FORCES Looe Reo Ninn prpetonst cms © 2024 to 17 December 2024. He | 2 against humanity, including rape pomp TR i in charges and sentenced to tie | ™N2002:-2003INDRC summary executions, torture, inom: Roger Lumbola Tetons Motlsion and cams LumbalaTtenga was the ater Democratic Republic of the Congo ©! the RCD-N. He is accused of ore participating in crimes ht took isc between 1 Jy 2002 ano ine an of Oscemoer 2003 in the {rothester ORO) in parctar ung amily oprantats Slots Temitenga, Eface eaten Ere ne Saar) Cones ratral omer esr o tne Rossemlemant Corgis pur" 200. he became miter 1s Démocrate Notre ation €190 ade re anions Congolese Rally for Democracy. or 90¥ernment _ fotlowing e RCD-N) former minister for foreign "ter-Congolese dialogue. until trade of the Congolese government 22M27Y 2005. He then became. between 2003 and 2005 and former 2 Member of parliament and a congressman until 2013 senator until 2013. acess Complicity in and conspiracy to 29211t Lumbala Tshitenga, Comply in 370 CORSE) 0 fer tn rejection o is as including murder, torture, rape. 2PPICaton. Lumbala Tshitenga pillage, enslavement and sexual “25 arrested on 2 January 2021 J [RE——— 9 On 2 January 2021. Lumbala oe Tanga was charged units inder Eo 10.2008, Conolose ESUGALAN mi £1 samen a From 199 fo 2005 Contolese 1. hugs partcipaon n 31000 forces supported by ASUS forme wih 3 view to prepare te arity of rebel armed grows Ly ormmitea in the DRC in what is known as the Second De1een 2002 and 2003 Congo War In this context. the Inthe course f the investigation mes group RED was med 51up RED was 006d ate from 2021 10 2023 forces ana forge an tance win 75190 OY Congest the Mouvement pour (a libération dy "0. "nesses were heard by the Cong ed by dan irre Bema. Lees ama vrt witnesses resource-rich areas in the eastern é7¢ Neard on the functioning and hierarchical structure of the ©" FRENCH ALLEGED FORMER RCO-N and on Lumbala Tshitenga's | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | MEMBER OF ISIS SENT TO alleged role in the preparation Following Lumbala Tshitenga's | TRIAL FOR GENOCIDE AND and perperation of the crimes. appeal against the ncictment, | CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Th imastgaton shed ght an the Par Cot of Avail | COMMITTED AGAINST YAZOI military operation in the Beni- | on 26 February 2024. WOMEN AND CHILOREN fled two appeals before armed groups toward the ena | [E00 sree bee of 2002. Evidence and testimonies | '¢ Sens Court (Cour 1 CH were also gathered on crimes | 1 252007) one en he committed in Bafwasende and Ifo. © 50 tne. rejection of the | Jurisdictional basis areas controlled by the RC-N in efengant's motion to dismiss | Active personality those years. the proceedings for violation of the no eration requirement. | Suspect TRIAL Internationa, the Clooney fer A, Foundation for Justice, Minority | On 4 June 2026, he Supreme | po E5501 PE EonaL 2 Rights Group. and the DRC-based | Court joined the two appeals NGO Justice Plus, all admitted : and rejected them both. | Country of residence of suspect as ci partes fo the procedure. 0 ue bien Unknoun have collaborated throughout qe ngificq that the trial of the investigation to identify and | | pai, Tshitenga would take | Charges support Congolese COMMUNES. | piace from 17 November to | Genocide through serious bodily or victims and survivors who provided 19 pocember 2025 before the mental harm; crimes against humanity evidence and shared their Stories | paris Criminal Court. of enslavement, imprisonment torture, with French judicial auhoriies. | cet name acts comply in these crimes In October 2023, the Paris Court inratimaity obs Tohbangds Indicted; awaiting rat; Location of counsel seeking the dismissal of bt the proceedings on the basis of the judges’ supposed violation of the i. procedural requirement to verify In 2014, Essid travelled to Syria to that no extradition request had fi been sued regarding th suspect In August 2014155 fighters invaded On & November 2023. the Mount Sinjar. the stronghold of investigative judges indicted the Yazidis. 3 Kurdish-speaking Lumbala Tshitenga for is alleged pr Ap complicity in and conspiracy to ees comnit crimes against humanity fsimmobinhiioo including murder, torture, rape. a a ty pillage and enslavement, including FEA Hi sexual slavery. in the DRC between 2002 and 2003 —— In 2016, th prosecutor of th French specialized unt for the prosecution of international crimes (PNA) apened a structural investigation into allaged genocide and crimes against humanity perpetrated by ISIS against the Yazdh community inSyria and iraq 11201830 201 he ert APPEAL FILEOAGANSTTHE Procure Feral Hun Oe F100 DICONINGRTINOF THE On rt 2021, Sa. Colt ee ——— Te hime cp se ar smo 1s Ss haa, nt to 3 hy LABOR OF UYGHURS multinational garment companies. on 25 October 201. the PUAT ‘opened an investigation against Several multinational On 1 July 2021, the French judiciary Essid for genocide and crimes garment companies announced that it has opened a against Yazidi women and children. Burley of commigeion crime of concealment of crimes. China against humanity. arrest warrant was issued for Essig *=01ctonal basis In September 2021. the European for genocide and crimes against Active personality Center for Constitutional and its — Feman he (ECCHR) fred In March 2020, two Yazidi women Several multinational garment yy, the German Federal Public joined the case as civil parties. Sompanies Prosecutor against several German © DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 : European Union member States ye igeq to initiate a ‘monitoring i In March 2024, the investigative | and other countries. process regarding the situation i judges completed their in Xinjiang. However. no formal i investigation. § Chorges investigations were opened. © In August 2026, the prosecutor | formally charged. The investigation 11 aori rosecy avid a Eka to | Toon rma oernen 1p 2025 re prosecrr t [RY Und boa! : under as requested the case tobe dismissed H and researchers had highlighted yi request and dismissed the judges issued thei final orderto | 1abor in the Xinjiang Uyghur + same charges. government, where nearly 20% of | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Pars Criminal Gout 9m 1612 ntrmation avalable to date the | po 5% STC SH © SabriEssid is presumed dead in | brands Zara, Bershka, Pull and "i © of evidence certifying his death, | SCMP (including Sandro. Maje. French courts have jurisdiction | Claude Pierlot, and De Fursac) i... other transnational companies. Herhusband, Abdenasser Benyoucel, APPEAL TRIAL DATES FRENCH COUPLE, ALLEGED left France for Syrian 2013. CONVICTED OF GENOCIDE veuseRSOF TOBE 4 of noun MDCHIVES AcANST ‘TRIED FOR GENOCIDE AND es Toons van roma HUMANITY IN RWANDA A in 2015 Sosthéne Munyemana COMMITTED AGAINST YAZIDIS Procedure Country of commission Sonia Meir and Abdelnasser Coe co Saaycuiet {akas Aca Meiri was charged while under Mauthana) investigation (mis en examen) for Jurisaictional basis terrorism charges. before the Universal jurisdiction Country of commission investigation was extended to Syria include charges of genocide and spect crimes against humanity. Sosthene Munyemana. Rwandan Fr national, former gynecologist at the ABR ers On 7 February 2024. the University Hospital of Butare Yazidi victim was heard by the Suspects investigative judges. She then Country of residence of suspect Sona Mer Abdelnassr Benyoucet pot JE ERED TIE CEN County lias Abou Mouthana), French nationals alleged former MEMers 01 24. September 2026. the crrges ofsis investigative judges issued their Genocide through serious bocly final order to send Sonia Melfi and or mental harm; crimes against Country of residence of SUPECt ppgelnasser Benyoucef to trial on humanity through extrajudicial Fravagunkaioun the charges of serious bodily and execution, torture and other mental harm constituting Genocide: inhumane acts: participation in a Charges enslavement, imprisonment. group formed for the purpose of Serious bodily and mental harm 1ortyce, persecution and other preparing genocide and crimes constituling genocide: enslavement. joy mane acts constituting Crimes. against humanity. imprisonment. torture. [aPe. aging humanity: and complicity in persecution and other IINUM3NE rege crimes. Sonia Meir apPSAIST yen status Ung Crimes 20S! this order. Convicted: sentenced to 24 years foment participation in 2 in prison; awaiting appeal trial terrorist group 0n22 January 2025, the Paris Court eget of Appeal cancelled the charges Corrent statue against Sonia Meri of genocide and rc; Sonia Mejri indicted: awaiting crimes against humanity as adirect on 17 April 199%, in a pubic speech. 72 germina perpetrator and sent her (0 trial unyamans allegedly incited Hots Abdelnasser Benyoucef (alias ADU for complicity in rapes constituting 1g exterminate the Tuts community Mouthanal: indicted; presumed crimes against humanity and of Tumba. He was also convicted sgn participation n a terrorist GTOUP. for taking part, from 21 April 1994, in several massacres of Tutsis in Face ‘Sonia Meriis currently detained in ang around Tumba. He s reported er x France. Her husband is presumed 15 have distributed ammunition out Siar. the arandhold of dead in Syria. However. in the ang compiled lsts of Tutsi to be the Yozidis, 3 Kurdish-speaking cence of evidence coring mined. Ho stequdly ld not ee eames were iad ang Mi death French courts have patrols and specified who should Iraq. Thousands were killed and jurigiction to try him in absentia. be abaucted. He is also accused aman ra orate of having organized a hunt against Cribs amines ant sean Tutsis, detained some of them in SARS In racans Sire inhumane conditions and sent them Sonia Mei allegedly lat France for tolkiling sites Syriain 201. Procedure Munyemana was ried before th Paris 0n 18 October 1995. the NGOS Criminal Court from 13 November Collect girondin pour le Rwanda, 2023 0 19 December 2023 He was INVESTIGATION OPENED INTO the International Federation for convicted and sentenced to 24 years KILLING OF TWO FRENCH Human Rights (FIDH) and Survie of mprisonment or genocide. crimes. HUMANITARIANS IN UKRAINE lodged a criminal complaint against humanity and participation ~~ ‘against Munyemana for his alleged in a group formed for the purpose Unknown participation in genocide. In 2001. of preparing these crimes. He was the Collec des Parties Ces pour acquit ofthe charges of complicity Country of commission fe Rwanda joined the proceedings in these crimes. Uiraine esa chilparty Jurisdictional basis Mnyemana appecid he comicton. In 2006, Rwanda requested assive personality Munyemana's extradition from | France. However, on 7 October | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 Unknown 2010, the Investigation Chamber Munyemana's appeal tial has of the Bordeaux Court of Appeal | been scheduled to take place | Counryof residence of suspects denied this request. {from 15 September 2025 to | Unknown 17 October 2025. In October 2008, Munyemana ----—------ wooo. Charges was found guilty in sbsentia As the case is at the investigation a So ot wr Stage, no suspect hasbeen formally Sane He was Game aie charged. The investigation focuses imprisonment on war crimes On 14 December 2011. Munyemana ma in was charged while under investigation (mis en examen) in fe France fo crimes against humanity On 1 February 2024, a team of B and genocide and placed under six collaborators from Entraide judicial survelance Protestant Suisse (EVER) ws on a missionto evaluate the humanitarian 0n 9 May 2017 the investigative Situation in the area surounding he judges of the specialized unit fo the city of Berysiav. Ukraine. prosecution of nernationa crimes informed the partis tht thy hid Whi returning to their base camp, complted thir investigation. the convoy - marked with large red crosses an the roofs of the 0n 11 May 2018, the prosecutor vehicles - was attacked, allegedly issued his ina submission. oy Russian drones. One vehicle was Struck. prompting the occupants In 2021, the investigative judges of the second venice to stop and ordered that Munyemana be sent assist thei colleagues. Additonal to tial for the commission of drone strikes followed. injuring crimes against humanity, genocide. all six team members. During the. complicit in these crimes and attack woof them. who were both participation in a group formed French nationals ~ Senior Security for the purpose of preparing these Coordinator Guennadi Guermanovitch mes. and Program Officer Adrien Baudon de Mony-Paol were ile. Munyemana appealed this decision ie efor he Court Seat and the On'3 February 2024, the French SOFEEE Cour Cou seeastaion. specialized unit fo the prosecution unsuccessfully. of international crimes opened an investigation for war crimes. This investigation is being conducted in’ collaboration with Ukrainian prosecutors. INVESTIGATIONS OPENED Pracedure REFERRAL TO THE SUPREME INTO WAR CRIMES IN UKRAINE On 10 May 2023, the National COURT OF THE DISMISSAL FOLLOWING THE DEATHS Prosecutor's Office opened a war OF THE CASE AGAINST THE OF FRENCH JOURNALISTS 77% BrElminary (Neston French MLITARY FORTS i. on oy had aico been RESPONSIBILITY IN THE known investigation: n opened in 2022 into the murder RWANDAN GENOCIDE eompoteomision of Zakrzewski and Leclerc-Imhoff. (010. members of the Ukraine Since the end of February 2022. | ih the prosecutor has reportedly oI J— pened at east seven preliminary LL Passive personality investigations into possible war ("471 crimes committed against French Susrocs nationals in Ukraine. mainly in | Unknown February and March 2022. J Country of residence of suspects } i Hh DEVELOPMENTS IN2024 | Sussects On 5 April 2024, the French | rio Members ofthe Frenc — specialized unit for the ” As thecases area the iestigaton | Prosecution of international | ountry of residence of suspects stage. no suspect has beenformally | €rimes (PNA) completed FRY charged. The investigations focus | (ne Preliminary phase of ee me the investigation into. Pierre Zakrzewski's death. referreg | Charges FE ine ci to ne Oe of te | The suspects have not been py Investigating Judges of the | formally charged. The investigation Undersivestigion: | French specialized unit or the focused on complicity in torture. a] - prosecution of international | inhuman and degrading treatment oe crimes requesting the opening | and complicity in genocide and Pierre Zakrzewski. a Franco-Iish | 1 3 jugicial investigation for | crimes against humanity. cameraman for Fox News, was yy. ic. Killed on 14 March 2022in Horenka, Current status north-west of the Ukrainian capital, | On 17 April 2024, the PNAT | CSRS aftr his vehicle was attacked. announced the opening of a judicial investigation. Pierre | Frédéric Leclerc-imhoft.a French Zakrzewskis family and | [MU co oir journalist for BEMTV. was killeg | Reporters Without Borders | Bode (TL PUB KIO on 30 May 2022 while on a | (RSF) have expressed thelr | ui Bie Context of the Pamanitran misono ag | nnn ogy opiate | ARK in he coment of the in the case as civil partes. AA ofthe country. [niece ae cIPAeS The operation. which counted 2500 French miltary personnel, Arman Soldin. 3 Franco-Bosnian aimed at ending the massacres and journalist and Agence France- protecting the civilian population. Presse’s video coordinator in Ukraine. was kiled on 9 May 2023 Several former milltary personnel atthe age of 32 by a salvo of Grad later aleged that the operation had rockets in the vicinity of Tehassiv a hidden political agenda and that lar near Bakhmout. Soldin was numerous abuses were perpetrated part of a team of five reporters by French miltary forces on the who were accompanying Ukrainian ground, including the rape of Tutsi Soldiers on the most active front of women and the failure to prevent the war. He was hit as he lay on the several massacres by knowingly ground trying to protect himself. abandoning Tutsi civilians to the hands of their genocidaires. In particular, between 27 and 30 June 1994. the French army failed to prevent atc cammitedonthe The cul parties appealed this Follow-up on iver cases Sensei where Tsisurivors decison had taken refuge, of which the army + Abdulhamid Chaban (UJAR 2026, ns leged a have een vars. 00 21 June 2025, he Court of amu 1 Ropes granted th cil partes 5, ees sr — oes nd rr he reopen © AS amine ved 046 In February 2005. complaint was of he vestigation Eo Later tht yar th trnaional nce sgn, he grossa sed + ATTSONIES SoS LUAR0ES Federation for Human Rights for the dismissal of the case, which © 50% the investigation is ongoing. (FIDH). its member organization the investigative judges granted, * Antoine M.(UJAR 2022. p. 43): the, in France the Ligue des droits de investigation is cngoing. [Homme (LDH) and Survie were The civil parties appealed this * Charles Twagira (UJAR 2023, p. 33): sama asi pres mth case. decison, ra estgaonis gang Cuts Moraymara UR 2073 1n 2012, the case was transferred |p 37) awaiting appeal trial. to the specialized unit for the | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © . gric Danboy Bagale (UAR 2023, prosecution of international crimes. | On 9 September 2026, a | p.28) the investigation is ongoing. | earn took pac biore h | + Emel AR 2026, 5 40 the In 2017 the investigative joes Court oe inesiatnis argon reuse to gram ne resto | 5 ah in cot ares to rv srior £1 11 Ocean 202. ve 5 Fl TE 0 political and mitary aficiae, | COU Sf Appeal confines | enedaorening An appeal was lodged GainSt | iy ioc have referred the | (LIAR 2024, p. 48k the investigation is deision. bt te refusal was PL DE ees he sary re Coton gpm | (Cnr + Curt Seung WR 208, ihe sats of asst winesses sho un. 2: [ON th mestgnion's ng On 26 July 2018, the investigation * Paul Baril (UJAR 2024, p. 50): the was closed by the investigative investigations ongoing judges. A request for additional * Pierre Kayondo (UJAR 2024, p. 52) investigative acts was filed by the investigation is ongoing. he ci pris bt i rout + Soh Hab UR 2073.5 1h was relcted vy th ivesigatn mesa is argon Judges. Th civ partes speed SotutorT AR 204.21 ho tr aaisionamuccosly. mesa is argon «ling of matte re Ci On 3 May 2021. th prosecutor ih Soot, Rom Ok UR sted or he dismissal case. 2023, 5 45 th resign In June 2021, the civil parties on fle ahsaration 1 oppose the omen Ongoing structural investigations In September 2022 th vestigate fudge allowed te request of the + Sica mestgaton regarding sr anborrant boat cimes. commited by former Gearing that the investigation Sy toga ofcars ss UAR had not esablisned th direct waned) partipton nr he comply of + Sincura mestgaton regarding oe French tary forces in the res cammited spond vias Cimes commited between? and puiighaijivogiiphing 30 June 1994. ‘minority groups in Syria. MEMBER OF A FORMER to torture them, In addition, the On 3 August 2023, Abmad H. was SYRIAN REGIME-AFFILIATED _ miltiamen looted houses and brought before the investigating MILITIA CONVICTED OF apartments of suspected opponents judge the Federal Court of Justice. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY of he regime on a arge scale and who had issued the arest warrant a Sold th stolen goods on their own for him and who ordered him to be account placed in pre-trial detention. Ahmad H. The defendant allegedly participated ; County of common in the mistreatment of vlan on | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 Syria several occasions. In one incident | The indictment was filed on in 2013, he is said to have punched | 26 March 2024 and admitted : Jurisdictional basis aman detained by the militia inthe | on 10 April 2024. Ahmad H's | Universal jurisdiction face and instructed other members. | alleged role in the Tadamon of the group to brutally beat the | massacre of 16 April 2013, in © _— detainee with plastic pipes over | Which soldiers of the Syrian | ‘Anmag H. Syrian national, former 3 period of hours. In the fall of | Miltary Inteligence Branch 227. local leader of a Shabiha militia in 2014. Ahmad H. along with other | executed at least 41 civilians. Teton ya militiamen and Syrian Miltary | buried the bodies in a mass Intelligence personnel, allegedly : 9r2ve that had been prepared Germany ata checkpoint, grabbed the victim | ©" fi: Was not included in the by the hair and slammed his head | "dictment as his role in the © r— on the sidewalk. Ahmad H, then | M3sSacreremainsunclear Cree inst humanity and war 290 10d he van upbefree. | Theritat the Hamburg Higher | crimes, mcluding through torture, Was taken away by the mila. On | Regional Court commenced an a two occasions between December: 17 May 2024 and comprised | 2012 and early 2015, the defendant | 37 trial days in 2024. Twenty- © FR reportedly arrested 2510 30 people | five witnesses and two expert Convicted: sentenced to ten years 312 checkpaint and forced them to witnesses tested. Alough eon seamed ransport sandbags to the nearby the Tadamon massacre was front for a day. There, the detainees | not included in the indictment, Ahmad H. allegedly acted as the Without food and water. They were | during the tia. Video evidence | local leader of a Sabina militia 2150 beaten by Ahmad H.and other Of other brutal lings by pro- boss Jester of re regime armed miltas also | district of Tadamon from 2012 Procedure On 18 December 2026, Ahmad H. | to 2015. On behalf of the former On 2 August 2023. the federal | oq convicted of 21 counts of Syrian regime, this militia violently Criminal police. acting on an arrest | yar crimes and crimes against | suppressed opposition efforts in Warrantissued by the investigating | humanity, including through © Tadarmon together withthe Syrian 449¢ of the Federal Court of Justice | torture, deprivation of bery and | Witory Integence's Branch 237, On 26 July 2023, arrested Ahmad | ansiavemant He was sentenced | To this end. the militia operated Hin Bremen. He was suspected of | toten years of imprisonment. checkpoints where it arbitrarily having committed crimes against : Srrectod poeple 1 extort money, humanity andar crimes, including to force them into forced labor or through torture and enslavement. TRIAL AGAINST SYRIAN Procedure fry DOCTOR FOR CRIMES AGAINST On 19 June 2020, the federal public | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 aaa proserutor arrosted Alaa M. on | Proceedings continued roughed | INTO ITS FOURTH YEAR suspicion crimes against humanity. | 202. The chamber continued : Lh i to hear witnesses, including | Alaa M On 16 December 2020. the arest | anonymous witnesses who were | warrant was extended to cover | granted protective measures County of commission allegations of murder in one case. | (.. disguising ther appearance Syria torture in 18 cases, inflicting | vith wigs and gasses), as well | grievous bodily and mental harm | 05 expert witnesses, wilh the Jurisdictional basis in one case, severe deprivation | proceedings exceeding 150 ial | Universal jurisdiction of physical liberty in seven cases : days. Witnesses testifying in (one of which led to death) and | he proceedings continued to Suspect an attempt to deprive a person of | be threatened. _ Additionally. | Alaa M., Syrian national, former their reproductive capacity, all of | (he federal public prosecutor doctor and alleged member of the Which are characterized as crimes | ound hel preiminay ctor nd slleged meen ho are tes investigations into additonal | Syrian Miltary inteligence aeinsthomenty | charges against Alsa M. have | Country of residence of suspect ‘The Syrian Center for Legal Studies | pesnjesnaisiiet nelle ish Corman ana Research suppored the | (rere Ul to cone prosecuting authortes byefereing | 10% (hn ie foreseen | oe prosecun | contusion onary 2025. Crimes against humanity of murder, sexual violence, torture On 15 July 2021 th federal public and dangerous bodily harm prosecutor indicted Alaa M. In early November 2021, the main parts of Current status the indictment were admitted for On trial: detained trial by the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt The court declined, Facts however, to admit ten counts of the According to the indictment, indictment o'rial fo legal reasons. between April 2011 and the end of 2012, Alaa M. worked as a doctor In January 2022. upon appeal by in a military hospital in the city of the federal public prosecutor, the Homs as well as in the al-Mezzeh Federal Court of Justice overturned military hospital in Damascus, the decision declining to admit ten In these hospitals, 35 well 3s m counts theindictmento'ria thus the prison of Department 261 of admiting o trial the ful indictment the Syrian Miltary Inteligence of the crimes against humanity of in Homs. he allegedly severely murder. sexual violence, torture and mistreated and tortured numerous 6aNgerous bodily harm. detained civilians, two of whom subsequently died On 19 January 2022. the trial against Alaa M. began before the Among other things, he is accused Higher Regional Court of Frankiurt. of beating several detained patients Through the year. the accused with batons and a plostc tube, and several witnesses and civil administering a lethal injection Parties were heard by the court. to one person. stepping on a prisoner's wound with boots and Proceedings continued throughout subsequently setting it on fire with 2023 In November 2023 the Higher disinfectant, and pouring alconol Regional Court of Frankfurt issued over he genitals of 2 140r 15-year. 3 legal notice stating that it is 04 boy. which he then gnited, considering ordering the preventive detention of the defendant after he Alaa M. fled Syria to Germany, _ Serves his possible prison sentence, where. from 2015.6 2020 he worked due to the threat he allegedly poses ‘a ductor to society. TRIAL OF ALLEGED FORMER several times before delivering FIRST TWO CONVICTIONS HEZBOLLAH MEMBER him and two other prisoners to FOR SYRIAN STATE TORTURE. FOR CRIMES AGAINST military inteligence personnel in UPHELD BY FEDERAL HUMANITY AND WAR CRIMES Bl AI COURT OF JUSTICE ri ve WSYRASIARIED victims with electrical cables. Anwar Raslan and Eyad Ammar A. allegedly in Ammar A's presence. a1. Gharib The victims were then held captive Country of commission in the miltary intelligence prison Country of commission Syria for several weeks in inhumane gyri conditions and were subjected to Jurisdictional basis severe physical abuse by PrISON Jurisdictional basis Universal jurisdiction guards. Universal jurisdiction Suspect Procedure Suspects Ammar A. Syrian national. alleged On 27 November 2023, the Federal anwar Raslan. Syrian national, former member of Hezbollah Court of Justice issued an arrest former head of the investigation warrant against Ammar A. for the nit at the al-Khatib branch of the Country of residence of suspect Imes against humanity of torre Genera ntelgence Service (GIS) in Germany and deprivation of liberty and for Damascus war crimes against persons and gyad al-Gharib, Syrian national, cargos property. employee of a sub-unit of Raslan's Crimes against humanity of torture, investigation division murder and deprivation of erty; On 12 December 2023, Ammar A war crimes against persons and Was arrested in the Rhein-Neckar Coupe of residence of suspects rly district, The Federal Court of Germany Justice ordered him to be placed in Current status pre-trial detention. Charges Face DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 {0% TE "RELY Le In 2011, the former Syrian regime | The indictment was issued | deprivation of liberty. rape and brutally repressed opponents’ : In July 2024 and the trial | seyyal assault. demonstrations, giving se tothe | COMMenced on 15 October | gyaq AL.Gharib was convicted of beginning of the armed conflict, | 2024 at the Higher Regional: giging and abetting the crimes Various armed groups, including | Cor In Stuttgart. So far. the {against humanity of torture and Hezbollah, aligned themselves with shin A aggravated deprivation of liberty. Hattar-ytan gugiansent | reation to it. Witnesses have | ( Ammar & wasan alleged member *1o 0 1% 51 11° WL anwar Rastoncomicted: sentenced of the local Hezbollah militia | 2502 50% #4 FE to fe mprisonment: confirmed on in the Syrian town of Busra al- 0 appeal: detained Sham between 2012 and 2013. | “| Eyad Al-Gharib convicted In August 2012. he and other sentenced to four and a haf years members of Hezbollah reportedly in prison: confirmed on appeal: acting under his directive allegedly detained forcibly broke into the houses of civilians and sole numerous tems, Facts before setting the houses ablaze Since the beginning of the Syrian The residents endured physical civil war in 2011, the intelligence abuse and one person succumbed services of the former Syrian to: gunshot wound. regime systematically arrested. tortured and kiled opposition In April 2013, Ammar A. along activists. In September 2011. the with other Hezbollah members, German federal public prosecutor allegedly arrested a civilian in opened a structural investigation Busra l-Sham. They hit him into war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the governmental institutions. Other Procedure from detention facilites of the person-specific. investigations In September 2011, the German intelligence services, including the targeted Raslan and al-Gharib, federal public prosecutor opened GIS's al-Khatib detention center a structural investigation into and the Saydnaya miltary prison. Raslan headed the investigation war crimes and crimes against Trucks carried several hundred unit of the al-Khatib branch. humanity committed by the Syrian corpses per week. The corpses Between late April 2011 and early ~ governmental institutions. were marked with numbers and September 2012. he implemented symbols on their foreheads or and oversaw a brutal system of On 12 February 2019, German chests, which corresponds with the physical and psychological torture ~ authorities arrested Raslan and images provided by Caesar. intended to extract confessions al-Gharib in Berlin and Rhineland- and gain insight into the opposition Palatinate, respectively. 35. result _ Originally. the court had refused movement. At least 4000 persons of person-specific investigations. to make an Arabic translation were exposed to torture in the On the same day. French available to the audience. However al-Knatib detention canter under authorities arrested anather former on 18 August 2020. the German Raslan's direct command. Methods inteligence service official in Paris ~ Constitutional Court granted a of torture included beatings (Abdulhami Chaban. see UJAR preliminary injunction to provide with fists and various objects. 2024. p. 55). The arrests were Arabic transition to all accredited administering electric shocks, coordinated by the joint French- journalists following the trial. suspending victims from the ceiling German investigative unit by their wrists, sleep deprivation On 18 November 2020. the court and making threats against On 22 October 2019, the German severed the tial of al-Gharib and relatives. Moreover, victims were federal public prosecutor formally announced it would soon rule on subjected to inhumane conditions indicted Raslan and al-Gharib his case. of detention such as overcrowded before the Higher Regional Court cells and the withholding of medical of Koblenz. On 19 November 2020. the attention. Dozens of persons died European Center for Constitutional as a result of the torture and On 23 April 2020, the tril against and Human Rights (ECCHR) inhumane conitons. Raslan and al-Gharib began at the supported a motion filed by B Higher Regional Court of Koblenz. partner lawyers on behalf of the Al-Gharib was a member of a Seven joint plaintifs to expand the sub-unit of the investigative Numerous survivors and witnesses charges against Raslan to include: division tasked with conducting of the crimes, as well as expert rape and sexual coercion as part identity checks and arresting witnesses, testified throughout of the crimes against humanity demonstrators, deserters and the rial including forensic analyst indictment, as so far sexual and other suspicious persons. He was Professor Markus Rothschild, who gender-based crimes had only indicted for aiding and abetting the ~ analyzed the 26 938 photographs been indicted as single incidents torture and illegal detention of at provided by the defected rather than as part of a crime least 30 persons. In the autumn military photographer Caesar against humanity. of 2011. after an anti-government and confirmed that survivors’ demonstration n the city of Douma testimonies were largely consistent On 24 February 2021, al-Ghario was. had been violently dispersed by vith his findings found guilty of aiding and abetting security forces, al-Gharib and a crime against humanity in other GIS officials pursued and Several insider witnesses who 30 cases of torture and aggravated arrested fleeing demonstrators formerly worked in or with Syrian deprivation of liberty and sentenced and transported them to the al- intelligence agencies also gave to four and a half years in prison Khatib detention center. According their testimony. including an He appealed the verdict to the charges, al-Gharib had full anonymous witness who gave knowledge of the system of torture a detailed account on the mass On 17 March 2021. the court and mistreatment to which the burial of deceased detainees of explicitly informed Raslan that detainees were being subjected. the intelligence services. The cases of sexual violence in the witness reported on his work al-Khatib Branch would be tried in cemeteries in the province of as a crime against humanity in Damascus and his assistance 10 the context of a widespread and inteligence officers in transporting systematic attack against. the and burying the bodies of detainees civilian population in Syria. 0n 22 July 2021. joint plaintiff GERMAN SUPREME COURT In that context Bai L was convicted representatives and partner CONFIRMS LIFE SENTENCE OF for his involvement as a driver lawyers ofthe ECCHR Fed a motion FQRMER MEMBER OF GAMBIAN in three kiling missions. in late toinclude enforced disappearance pARAMILITARY GROUP FOR December 2003, the paramilitary. 2s a crime against humanity in the i oy unitreceived an order oki lawyer charges. The court did not grant. RES ACANSTHUMANITY 621 Gita in Banja. The victim the request, as t could not confirm 51 Survived the attack. In 2004, the that Raslan acted intentionally in death squad kiled the prominent this regarc. County of commission Gambian journalist Deyda Hydra. The Gambia whowas critical of the government On 1 July 2021. 23 German and Finally, in 2006, Dawda Nyassi. a international academics, feSearch ursaiconat basis suspected opponent of the Gambian institutions and human rights versal jurisdiction president near the Banjul airport organizations, together with was also murdered the ECCHR, filed a molion to the 5,spect Higher Regional Court of Koblenz. gar L.. Gambian national, In 2013 and 2014. Bai L. gave Germany. requesting t 0 ProGUCE former memper of the Janglers interviews to Gambian journalists, audio recordings of the last phase pramiitry group providing details on these murders of the trial. On 31 August 2021, the court denied the request. 35 Coury of residence of suspect Procedure it did not find that the trial Was Germany On 16 March 2021, Bai L. was of paramount significance for arrested in Hanover by the federal the contemporary history of the cpargus criminal police and the State Federal Republic of Germany 25 Crimes against humanity of murder Police forces under suspicion reauired by law. a of crimes against humanity and his apartment was searched. On 13 January 2022, the Higher cyrrent status Subsequently. in execution of Regional Court of Koblenz found Convicted: sentenced to fe an arrest warrant, Bai L. was a Raslan guilty of crimes against imprisonment. confirmed on Placed in detention. Following his humanity in the form of killing. sncat detained arrest, TRIAL International, with torture, severe deprivation of the assistance of the European tierty, rape and sexual assault fers Center for Constitutional and in conjunction with 27 cases of Trg Gambia was under the control Human Rights (ECHR), provided murder, 25 cases of GNGEIOUS of Yanyo Jommeh from 1994 additional information to the bodily harm. aggravated rape. 15 2014. For more than two German prosecuting authorities two cases of sexual 2552UIt 0G gacades, human rights vislations, 7€02rding his involvement in the deprivation of erty 1asting More nc ging enoreed dappearancee, 3116960 offences. including the than one week in 14 cases. Ho was torture. exrajucicil ing, sewusl _2bOve-mentioned radio interviews sentenced to fe mprisonment. He violence and arbitrary detention appealed the verdict, Were widespread n ly 2006, In March 2022, i L was indicted Jammeh's officials allegedly for crimes against humanity 0020 Apri 2022. th Federal Court getained over 50 west African 995ed on the attempted murder of Justice upheld the conviction of rants and summarily executed Of Osman Sillah, as well as the Eyad al. Gharib and his Sentence 0 (rom. To commit those crimes, Murders of Deyda Hydara and four and a haf years imprisonment. nan president Jammen relied on Dawda Nyassi This indictment was. the paramilitary armed group the Jporoved oy the Harner Regina i Junglers (also known as “Patrol un where Dei ¢ ii | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 1 74m) nich was considered one pened on 2 April 2022. © On 20March 2024, the Federal. | of the most brutal enforcement | Court of Justice upheld Anwar | arms of Jammetrs regime. During the tia, several witnesses. Rastans conviction, while | wo eyewitnesses and three joint. {slightly correcting the 16931 | 1 aq a member andthe diver PLAINS were heard by the court | assessment, thereby rejecting | of ne paramilitary Junglers death 2 former employee of Hydara's {most of his appeal and | Couoytrom Docember 2003 until Media outlet, and family members confirming his life sentence. | pRCT I of the victims. Other witnesses | Both judgments are thus final. | included ones dentiying Bai L. a5 ‘a member of the Junglers, German resulting in a shortage of food, water, in a photo line-up organized by the OFFICER FOR CRIMES AGAINST German police. HUMANITY AND WAR CRIMES a1 five suspects allegedly In October 2022, Bai L. claimed in a Jihad A, Mahmoud A. on a peaceful anti-government statement read out by his lawyers Sameer S., Wael S. and protest in Yarmouk on 13 July 2012. that the details he provided about Mazhar J. ‘They and others reportedly targeted journalists were fabricated. He also Country of commission Six individuals succumbed to their ‘argued that he was encouraged by S¥ria wounds while other victims were Jungler to make his story more Jurisdictional basis compelling. However, this journalist Universal jurisdiction Mahmoud A. Mazhar J. Sameer S. in 2021, ‘Suspects. having severely physically abused Jihad A. Mahmoud A. Sameer civilians from Yarmouk. The events. The federal prosecutor and the S-. Wael S. stateless Syrian occurred between mid-2012 joint plaintiffs made their closing Palestinians who were alleged ang 2014 at checkpoints, which the statements in November 2023, and Members of a Syrian militia, and £pM and other pro-regime militias Bai L's defense presented its case Mazhar J. Syrian national. alleged had established at the district's at the end of the same month. former Syrian intelligence officer entrances or exits. The victims’ On 30 November 2023, the Higher Country of residence of suspects and beaten with rifle butts. Regional Court of Celle found Germany and attempted murders as Charges alleged to have turned an arrested crimes against humanity. He was Crimes against humanity. including individual over to the Syrian sentenced to life imprisonment. murder, torture and deprivation Military Intelligence Service to of liberty: war crimes, including pe incarcerated and tortured. : DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © against property woman at a checkpoint, while i On 12 November 2024, the threatening to rape her. to pay with | Federal Court of Justice rejected | Current status. family jewels for the release of her the defendant's appeal against | Under investigation: detained minor son. former Syrian regime. The district execution in Tadamon, Damascus. In July 2013, the Syrian regime to Branch 227 by Mahmoud A. and — Ofc in Dortmund, the amiy's Germany an 3 ly 202 an re FEOERAL PUBLIC vesigaion 552 domes cme ow mre. detention, PROSECUTOR GENERAL Renin OW OPENING The vtms farm commisned Coperten of povpaimg mn MESTOATONNTOGRMES C000, Ll the crackdown on the protest in UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW e040) prpare an expert opinion Yarmouk on 13 July 2012 were FOR THE KILLING OF GERMAN: oo. ing the (egal classification arrested in Sweden atthe same time PALESTINIAN FAMILY INGAZA os tne killing, In its expert opinion, (see. 66, Toe Jont nestor | ECC conduded tht te lings Team “Cassar cooinaes the ers very ly 0 amount to war Palestine eee ay by the NGO Mnemonic. Th aver of tne victims family ule prosecutor in Dorin, Teauesing hath co boofred ser ressenny OSUSPECIS 1g the federal public prosecutor os vrmatnst rim aw fees res Although the public prosecutor in As the case is at the investigation pon ng obsequently forwarded stage. no suspects have been ye request to the federal public a formally charged prosecutor, apparently agreeing ih ECHR legal assessment Current status the latter refused to take up the Under investigation case, on the basis that there were - SH 0 grads 0 msgs Gn 25 October 028 SMES Tin win te publ eo fa: prosecutor in Dortmund as part ouset ana yan Aviad ana Lyset 7 Dering of ort nar four chien. were lea 02 S621 Investor wer sinks To family was ving 1 QUES b ECCHR f te relatives in Gaza when eat ucurol vestigation mio ne conic beyond hs case was aking Impose fo hem to rscen Te toGermany They wer leo desoated by the rae Defense In 2023. naving foun 0 gowns inn federal pple proscar in Germany. he feral pune ine cse one Pubic Prosecutors - Procedure In’ March 2022. the Feder! LAINE INVESTIGATION OPENED Prosecutor's Office opened a CONVICTION OF A FORMER INTO WAR CRIMES FOR Structural investigation ino EMBER OF A FORMER SYRIAN THE SHOOTING OF international crimes in UKTine geGiME- AFFILIATED MILITIA CIVILIANS IN UKRAINE following Russivs 156310 con ug wag CRIME OF oo rena cme esiguion DEGRADING OF HUMILATING Union against five members of the Russian TREATMENT IN SYRIA oui of commission National Guard slegedy esgonsle 5. I repose usec wee anes So! I eens of 25 Febuary AZZ re ake cnr el ersoftho Russian armed anGUiednaUkraman coutin he have been charged in absentia. Zakaria B., Syrian national. former Unkaonn Charges Germany ho the case is at the investigation formal charge. The estan kg Shorty after Russia launched facts Ukraine, Russian armed forces armed subgroup of the Shabina postioned. themselves in the abound ot Hs wrt Toa woods of Hostomel, next to the Shabina mila supparted the Nanay leading to Ky. and are Syrian army by conduchng patrols, alleged to have started shooting intimidating demonsteators, and mang the vitims of th shoating was th German zen Seve. On the ight or carly morning Who was Giving towards Kv to hours of 29 September 2012. the evacuate is hesinan wie and ner Free Syrian Army (FSA) fighing Son A h drove past he Russian aganet he Syrian Arn. lnehed firing postion on he ming of an attack In the Sheikh Magoud 25 Febuary 2022. i cr was hit neighborhaod. FSA fighters by sovrat bullets an eo himeel Teportedly als searched for the aoforen a saris head rioy defendant and hs family during Steve M. managed to evade his this attack. The Shabiha militia attackers and was ale to flee toa era ts a tens nearby village where he was taken died during this confrontation. reponed to have boa Kiled and Aterware. Zakaria. and is two Katashikov ies aegedly got onthe back of a pikup rock win uncovered bodies of the dead FSA UPDATES ON VARIOUS have participated on two occasions fighters on display. Whi the ruck PROCEEDINGS AGAINST in public punishment actions by drove siowly along the r0ad at 3 ALLEGED FORMER ISIS in the locaiy of l-Qaim. One walking pace. the three of them 61S MEMBERS accasion involved the execution of reportedly stepped and stood death sentences against at least on the corpses. SomMEiMeS 11 3 This yoar soi he continuation ang S Prisoners. The defendant was degrading positon. puting on 3 Loe nr 11 caees opamer 13 vege 2120Ed to have taken one of the Show fo the onlookers 35 OUI jaemmer menssre of 155, wey PTISONerS to the execution sie the dead opponents were hUNtG oq to three convictions 1m 204. Supervised the proceedings. and prey Three cases are based on the Given the signa fo the execution by te poor ay oni the. frng his pistol. Another occasion Procedure apace are Gorman nationals involved him reportedly securing On 25 April 2023, the prosecution avn from yi or ra. Eight he PUBIC amputation of the hand filed an indictment against proreednge se sonducted spanet ©! a1 alleged thie. In addition Zakaria 8. before the Higher Suecca 0 CLS SIN in carly fall 2014, Abdel J. 5 Regional Court of Celle. He Ws te bois of uvarea joreeton. 21900 With other ISIS fighters accused of war crimes Zakaria 8. pues TSIEN iegeaty arrested a person nal denied the charges bought a0anst (1 marerty of coose. mciod 09M and harmed him in custody him argon cima saints With punches and kicks to extort persons, four cases also include "OMation. The tial began on 15 February Epaeges for crimes sgainer 2020.00 16 April 2026, Z0karia 8. pumanty and two cases avs boom Pere was convicted of the war crime oo UY PEE CRETE EES On 11 October 2023, the police of degrading or humiliating sass te varia comment. arrested Abdel J. 5. in Wuppertal treatment. The Higher Regional on the basis of an arrest warrant Court of Celle found that the Abdel J. S. issued by the investigating judge defendant deliberately participated of the Federal Court of Justice on in the humiliation or degrading Country of commission 28 September 2023 Ba treatment of the FSA members by Iraq putting those corpses on display On the same day, the accused was in an unworthy and dishonorable Jurisdictional basis brought before the investigating manner to express his contempt Universal jurisdiction Judge of the Federal Court of Justice towards them. The court issued » who ordered his pre-trial detention year and six months Abdel JS. Iragi national. alleged | 1 former member of ISIS DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 On 26 April 2024, the federal | Country of residence of suspect | Bublicprosecto broughtcharges. | Germany before the Higher Regional Court © | of Dissedort against Abdel J. 5. | E— Hewasaccusedof the ar crimes. | Membership in a foreign terrorist | ©f murder, mutition. torture, mutilation. torture, and punishment | P/9€25%: 2nd of membership in ‘without due process. i foreign terrorist organization. i { bis ia took piace between | Current status. © August and November 2024. i Convicted of membership in a : foreign terrorist organization; | 00 20 December 2024 the Her acquitted of war crimes charges; | Regal Cout of Dussedort | ‘sentenced to four years in prison; | Coicted Abdel J S.of membership; mens | ina forogn tarorist aranizton | and sentence in 0 four years | -_ i in prison. He was acquitted of the charges of war crimes ante bass | Abdel J.. allegedly joined IIS in i Iraq in June 2014. Between June | “1SUfeETt idee. ; and October 2014, he was alleged to Amer A, Basel 0. and Sohail A. In July 2014, Amer A. is said to | Ty have joined ISIS and placed the | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © Country of commission Lina Jund a-Rahman armed group. | On 20 March 2024, the Federal | Syria including al fighters. equipment public Prosecutors Office © and finances, under ISIS command. | brought charges before the : Jurisdictional basis. During the ISIS capture of the city of | Higher Regional Courtof Munich | Universal jurisdiction al-Mayadin and the miltary action | against Amer A. and Basel 0. © against the al-Shu'aytat tribe in | The defendants are accused | Suspects the Deir ez-Zor region at the end | of membership in the foreign © Amer A. Basel 0. Sohail A. Syrian of July 2014. the suspect allegedly | terrorist organization Liv © nationals, alleged former members led the fighters of his former | Jund al-Rabman, with Amer A. | ofthe Liwa Jundal-Rahman Brigade association. | identified as the ringleader. | of Soldiers of Mercy) armed group. In addition, Amer A. is also | subsequently assimilated into 515. Basel O. allegedly held a leading | accused of commiting war | miltary position within the Liwa | Crimes in the form of expulsion | Country of residence of suspects Jund al-Rahman armed group | forced displacement). looting | Germany Since at least the end of 2013,0n | nd destruction and with | various occasions, he is said to | Membership in the foreign | Charges have commanded combat troops | \°701St organization SIS. + Membership in foreign terrorist of the group in battles against | The addtional suspect Sohail A, | organizations: war crimes Syrian forces. in particular at the | was arrested on 10 April 2026and. | miltary arort of Dee s220¢ in | paced msi oremn. | Current status December 2013 and April 2016. i On trial: detained {On 7 Je 2024, the Federal ; ‘Sohail A allegedly joined the Liwa | PUbLe Prosecutors Office brought | Facts Jun al-Rahman armed group by | Chases before th Hier Regonal © Amer A. allegedly founded the June 2013 at the latest. He was | Court of Munich against Sohail A + ‘association Lia Jund al-Rahman responsible for the group's public | 2 fled complementary charges; | against Basel. Basel 0. is now © (Brigade of Soldiers of Mercy) in relations work and headed its | JTS RE DERE SBI = the Syrian province of Deir ez-Zor Media department. In particular, ete the foreign terrorist organization © in February 2013 and acted as ts _ he allegedly produced propaganda cic “co YS SEE leader from then on. Lia Jund Videos to glorify the group. | oll font ld al.Rahman was an armed rebel including the incident in Hatian. coc ERT EERIE group with the goal of toppling the After IIS took control of the area |r 65. ang of commiting war | Syrian regime by force. It initially 2round Deir ez-Zor atthe beginning | crimes in the form of expulsion, | declared its allegiance to the Free Of July 2014 and the Liwa Jund al iogiing and destruction. i Syrian Army, but then pursued an Rahman armed group joined the | 1 Islamist agenda. Since 2013, the organization. Sohail A also joined | The Federal Public Proseculor's © association repeatedly took part ISIS. He also performed media- | Office decided fo combine these. | in combat operations against the _ related tasks for ISIS. [mses fence Joell Syrian army. | of the three suspects began on : FE {16 September 2024 before the | In June 2013, the Lina Jund al- On 6 September 2023 the Federal | Hiaher Regional CourtofMurich. Rahman armed group, reportedly Public Prosecutor's Office, ~~ led by Amer A. together with acting on warrants issued by the Jabhat al-Nusra and other jihadist investigating judge of the Federal groups raided the vilage of Hatlah Court of Justice on 22 August 2023. near Deir ez-Zor. The operation, arrested Amer A. and Basel O. described 35 3 purge”. targeted the in Kiel and Munich, respectively Shiite population living there. Up In addition, the premises of the to 60 Shile residents were killed, defendants were searched. and the remaining individuals were compelled to fice to other areas On the same day, the defendants. of Syria or abroad. Pillaging and Were brought before the looting were also committed. The investigating judge of the Federal outcome ofthis operation was the Court of Justice, who ordered their eradication of Shite presence in _pre-lrial detention. Hatlah Deniz B. Since his arrest by Kurdish security | i forcesin August 2017, the defendant | In view of the poor prison | Country of commission was in custody in Dohugq and Erbil | conditions in Iraq. the court | Syriaand rag (northern Iraq) until his repatriation | determined that he deprivation | toGermany in December 2022. | of iberty the defendant suffered: I | there should be offse against | Active personality Procedure | thetotalprson sentenceimposed | On 20 December 2022, after he | °nhimataratioofonethid. Suspect returned to Germany. Deniz B.was | ye the defendant has waived. | Deniz B, German national, alleged arrested on the basis of a WaITant his righ to appeal, the General © former member of 51S of the Federal Court of Justice | prosecutor may lodge an appeal. | dated 14 December 2022.and held | on which the Federal Court of | Country of residence of suspect in pre-trial detention. | Justice would have todecide. © Germany : 1 On 17 March 2023, the Federal Charges Public Prosecutor's Office filed jo ifer Membership in a foreign terrorist an indictment before the Higher organization; war crimes against Regional Court Frankiurt amMain co... commission property and other rights bringing charges against Deniz 8. 00 He was accused of membership Corre rnin na foreign terrorist Organization ional basis Convicted: sentenced to five years and war crimes against PrOPerty aciie personaly in prison: detained and other rights. Suspect Facts By order of the Higher Regional jennifer w., German national, According to the indictment, Court of Frankfurt am Main former member of 115. Deniz 8. left Germany in dated 31 March 2023, the arrest spring 2016 10 travel to Syria via Warrant was suspended SUBIECt 10 (of esigence of suspect Cu] Turkey together with his wife, conditions and the defendant was corr" according to Islamic rites. Having released from custody. reached Syria, both are sid to have Charges Joined ISIS. Shortly thereafter the On 27 July 2023, the court opened cine uoioct humanity of couple allegedly traveled to Mosul, the main proceedings and admitted ono “0S! BATON oF Iraq, where the defendant s sagt the indictment. The ral Started on of der membership a terrorist have undergone miltary training. 15 December 2023 organization The defendant allegedly performed current status combat missions and guard | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 corlicion confirmed on appeat duties for the organization, and | On 13 May 2026, Deniz B. was | contenced to 14 years in prison subsequently held a responsible | found auly of membership in position in the field of logistics. | 2 foreign terorit organization | po For his work, Deniz B. allegedly ond war crimes against property. + jo a uct 9014, Jennifer W. left received monthly support from | Hewas sentencedtoatotalterm + SEC SR do the organization. During his stay in | ©f five years imprisonment. there Iraq, the defendant allegedly ved | Tn. defendant made a | in different residential buildings | confession during the main | From June to September 2015, provided to him and his wife By | hearing. In view of this and | Jennifer W. conducted so-called ISIS, afer the lawful residents had | is impeccable conduct since | daily “moral patrols” in ISIS- fled the approaching forces of the | his release from custody on | occupied Fallujah and Mossul group. 31 March 2023, but above all by inspecting whether women's in view of his renunciation of | behavior and clothing complied In August 2017, the defendant fled | the ideology of ISIS, the Higher with the rules set by ISIS. During the ISIS area with his wife and | Regional Courtof Frankiurtam | these patrols, she was armed their son. who had been born in | Main wos not convinced thal | ith various deadly weapons and the meantime. He was arrested | he poses a continuing danger | received remuneration from ISIS by Kurdish security forces in the + of committing crimes for her services. northern Iraq region of Kurdistan on 19 August 2017 Jennifer W. and Taha A.J. (see prison sentence. The federal public Facts UJAR 2024. p. 85) shared a prosecutor subsequently appealed. In the fal of 2012, Mohammad A. household in Fallujah. In summer seeking life imprisonment allegedly founded an armed combat 2015, Taha A.J. “purchased” a unit in Damascus, which included Yazidi woman and her five-year-old On 9 March 2023, the Federal up to 50 fighters. With this uni daughter. These individuals were Court of Justice ruled on the appeal he reportedly joined the foreign part of group of Yazidis taken against Jennifer Ws conviction, terrorist organization Anfad al-Rasul captive during an assault in the holding that the lower instance ~ Brigades (AR) in November 2012. Sinjar area, aimed at suppressing _ court erred when qualifying aiding The AR was a military organization and eradicating the Yazidi faith. and abetting the crime against with around 15.000 members aimed Taha A.J. brought the captives to humanity of enslavement as a at overthrowing the Syrian regime. his Fallujah residence. Taha A. J. “less serious case” and ordered To achieve ts goal. the AR repeatedly and Jennifer W. kept the Yazidi a new sentencing hearing before carried out explosive attacks on woman and her daughter as saves the regional court. On 29 August Stat faciles in Syria. As th leader and exposed them to inhumane 2023, the Higher Regional Court of of his unit, Mohammad A.is believed living conditions. Taha A.J. Munich extended the sentence toa 10 have planned and commanded an prohibited them from exercising total of 14 years of imprisonment. attack on a Syrian security forces their religion, forced them to building in the Damascus district of convert to Islam and severelyand |" YarmoukinMarch 2013. repeatedly beat them. Topurish the | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 five-year oldfor wetting the bed and | On 7 March 2026, the Federal | Mohammad A. reportedly joined asameasureto discipline” thegirl | Court of Justice dismissed | ISIS by the end of 2013 at the Taha A. J. chained her outdoors in | Jenifer Ws appeal as manifestly | latest. He was allegedly closely scorching heat, which subsequently | unfounded. It found that the associated with the loca leaders of led tothe child's death. Jennifer W. | review of the judgment revealed | ISIS and exercised command over reportedly witnessed her husband's | 10 legal errors to her detriment, around 200 ISIS fighters. acts and did not undertake any | nd upheld the sentence. This steps to prevent the death of the | Ung marks the egal conclusion | Asmael K.also allegedly joined ISIS child EEE as a fighter in Damascus in 2013 3 Procedure Atthe end of 2013, Mohammad A In 2019. the investigation regarding Mohammad A. and Asmael K. and the ISIS fighting unit he the crimes committed by ISIS commanded reportedly abducted against the Yazidi community in Country of commission two opponents of the organization Syria and Iraq led o arrests, formal Syria on different occasions in Damascus indictments and trials against The victims were held in ISIS several former members of ISIS Jurisdictional basis detention centers and executed based on accusations of crimes Universal jurisdiction together with ten other prisoners against humanity, war crimes. in mid-January 2014. Asmael K. genocide and other crimes Suspects is said to have taken part in the Mohammad A. and Asmael K. arrest of one of the victims. He On 13 December 2018, Jennifer W. Syrian nationals, alleged former also allegedly guarded the twelve was indicted for membership ina members of SIS. prisoners at the execution site and terrorist organization. The court shot a least one person. later expanded the charges to Country of residence of suspects include murder as a war crime Germany Procedure and the crime against humanity of Mohammad A. was arrested on enslavement Charges. 8 March 2023 in Wiesbaden. and Membership in foreign terrorist Asmael K. on 20 March 2023 in On 25 October 2021. the Higher organizations: war crimes of Essen Regional Court of Munich found _ hostage-taking and murder Jennifer W. guilty of membership On 8 December 2023, the Federal in a foreign terrorist organization. ~ Current status Public Prosecutor's Office brought aiding and abetting attempted On trial: detained charges before the Higher Regional murder as well as attempted Court of Disseldorf against them. war crimes and a crime against The defendants are suspected of humanity. She received a ten-year membership in ane or more foreign terrorist organizations. They are a mining company, to register or | also accused of the war crimes of ~ cooperate with the organization. In | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © hostage-taking resulting in death this process, the group threatened | On 4 January 2024 he proscuton | and. inthe case of Asmael K. of the to kil the victims. | fed an indictment against him | King of persons protected under before he Higher Reganal Cortef | international humanitarian law and In early June 2015, Moustafa M. Koblenz Moustafa M. is accused of murder. reportedly participated in the | membership in a foreign terrist execution of two Free Syrian | oganzaton, war crimes aganst | DEvELOPENTS 20m | ATTYESA ghar afer SS had prin nd prt nd mc. i imposed dea sentences onthem. © On 30 April 2024, the tial of | He allegedly transported the two i i beganon8 April 2024. The Higher | the two defendants started | prisoners tothe execution steana | 0% 1 P11 2026 Tegner { before the Higher Regional | guarded them thereuntitheywere | 0 (7 I Foleo | Court of Disseldor. shot. He also reportedly assigned + 40,01 “oT i seats to those present, whom ISIS | APIS hod gathered as an audience. A few Moustafa M. days ater, Moustafa M. allegedly brought two more FSA fighters. Country of commission captured by ISIS to thei execution. Syria Oneof the victims was kiled onthe Ossama A. Spo by gunshots to the head. The Jurisdictional basis other prisoner was reportedly tied Country of commission Universal jurisdiction tothe back of a vehicle with a rope Syria and dragged through the city at Suspect ‘speeds of 40 km per hour or more. Jurisdictional basis. Moustafa M, Syrian national alleged The viet ied Universal jurisdiction former member of SIS Recording to the indictment. Suspect a Country of residence of suspect Moustafa M. also apened fire at Osama A, Syrian national, alleged Germany an unarmed person at an ISIS former member of ISIS, reported to roadblock. The victim managed to have held a leadership role in the Charges. escape after being shot several local ISIS religious police (Hisba) Membership in a foreign terrorist _ times by the accused. Moustafa M. organization; war crimes against iS also accused of occuRying a Country of residence of suspect persons including hostage. house ISIS members took by Germany taking, unlawful transfer, torture, expelling the owner. and murder; war crime against Charges property; murder procedure War crimes against persons and On 21 March 2023, officers of the property; crimes against humanity: Current status Rhineland-Palatinate State Criminal aiding and abetting genocide: On tia: detained Police, acting on an arrest warrant membership in a foreign terrorist issued by the investigating judge organization Facts of the Federal Court of Justice on Moustafa M. allegedly joined ISIS 13 March 2023, arrested Moustafa Current status in Syria as a member in May 2015, M.in Mainz Indicted: detained Among other activities. he is said tohave performed guard duties for On the same day, Moustafa M. was Facis the organization and participated in brought before the investigating Ossama A. allegedly joined ISIS in the arrest of civilians. judge of the Federal Court of July 2014 and held a leadership. Justice, who ordered that he be rola th local 135 religious police At the end of May 2015, the Placed in custody. (Hista. Hes reported to have played accused. together vith other ISIS a key rol in seizing private homes members, allegedly held two in the Deir ez-Zor area, exploiting people for hours in order to force pillaged goods, and using seized them or their family members, buildings for various purposes. Who held executive positions in including housing fighters, storing supplies and imprisoning abducted Yazid women and girls. Ossama A. is aleged to have been Facts tis also reported that Rad directly imvotved nthe enslavement The conviction states that Racd £. performed additional tasks for 3nd sexual explitation of Yazidi became a member of ISIS in Deir ISIS, including managing ransom Women and girls. He reportedly ¢2-Zor, Syria during the summer of payments for imprisoned. al possessed keys to one of the 2014 in this region. ISS launched Shuaytat tribe members and prisons and supplied inmates with 3 brutal campaign against the al. guarding tree SIS checkpoints in food Shuaytat rite from late Juy/early the tribal aes. August 2014, which included mass Procedure executions, abiary detentions and Raed E. remained active in ISIS On 28 March 2026. an arrest severe physical abuse of captives. until February 2015, ter which he warrant against Ossama A. was These actions resulted in the departed Syi or Germany issued by the investigating judge deaths of 700 to 1000 individuals. ofthe Federal Court of Justice. Procedure From mid-September to Raed E. was arrested in Germany On 11 April 2024, Ossama A. was November 2014, Raed E. and on 6 April 2022 and has been in arrested by officers from North other ISIS members apprehended custody since Rhine-Westphalia State Office of 3 member of the al-Shu'aytat Criminal Investigation in Essen. tribe who was enauiring about On 14 June 2022, the federal On the same day. he was brought his 13-year-old sibling. previously public prosecutor formally indicted before the investigating judge at abducted by ISIS. The victim Raed €. on the charges of crimes. the Federal Court of Justice for a was suspended from the ceiling against humanity, war crimes remand hearing and was placed n with his hands bound being his membership na foreign terrorist pre-trial detention. back. then beaten with whips and organization and bodily injury by cables, and kicked by Racd € and dangerous means at the Higher 0n 20 December 2026, Ossama A. his associates, The victim was Regional Court of Berlin. was indicted for war crimes, crimes. subsequently held in various ISIS against humanity, aiding and detention facilis for over two The Higher Regional Court of abetting genocide and membership months, where Raed €. and athers Berlin delivered its verdict on ina foreign terrorist organization. repeatedly subjected him to abuse 13 July 2023, finding Raed € [» using pointed. sharp or heavy gully of membership in a foreign objects and electric shocks. terrorist organization; th crimes Raed E. against humanity of torture, The 13-year-old brother of the serious deprivation of erty and syria held captive by ISIS for several torture and dangeraus bodiy harm. months. During this peiad, Raed E. The court imposed a sentence of Jurisdictional basis transported the boy between 11 years imprisonment or these Universal jurisdiction different ISIS prisons. On one crimes. occasion, Raed E. is aid to have Suspect ordered two ISIS members to On 16 November 2023, Raed . fled Raed E. Syrian national, former suspend the 13-year-old from the an appeal against the judgment member of SIS ceiling with is hands tied behind and requested correction of is back. the minutes of the main hearing Country of residence of suspect On 28 November. the Court of Germany Anather al-Shuaytat ibe member Appeal rejected the application was held in SIS captivity for four for correction of the minutes. On Charges and half months During this time. 5 December, Raed E. appealed the Crimes agaist humanity of torture. Raed E. and another ISIS member decison efct th application fr serious deprivation of erty and abused hm twice. The prisoner was _ correction of te minutes persecution war crimes of torture suspended by his bound hands until and dangerous bodily harm only his toes touched the ground, {TT membership in a foreign terrorist after which Raed E. struck himwith | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © ‘organization ‘a water hose across his entire body. | On 11 January 2024, the Federal ‘excluding his head. i Court of Justice dismissed as | Current stats | inadnissile the appeal against | Convicts sentencedto 1 yearsin the deco to ct the sppicatan | prison; under appeal forcorrectonof heminutes. © Samra. Pracedure Charges On 17 November 2023, the Genocide: crimes against humanity, Country of commission investigating judge of the Federal war crimes: membership in a Syria Court of Justice issued a warrant foreign terrorist organization for Samra Ns arrest. She was Jurisdictional basis arrested on 29 November and Current status Universal jurisdiction ordered to be held in pre-trial Indicted; detained detention. Suspect ee Facts Samra N, French national + The two suspects formed a couple, DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 married under Islamic law, and were Country of residence of suspect | In April 2026. the Federal | allegedly members of ISIS in Iraq Germany Prosecutor's Office indicted | and Syria from 2015 to 2017. Since Samra N. on charges of war | the end of 2015 at the lates, they Charges. | crimes against property and allegedly kept a then-five-year-old Membership in a foreign terrorist | Membership in two terrorist | Yazidi gil and, from October 2017. organization; war crimes against | ©79anizations. She was released | another then- twelve-year-old Yazidi property | from custody awaitingtrial gir as slaves. { On 16 September 2024. the Current status ial began st the Disscdorf | Twana H. . allegedly raped both Convicted of membership in a | Higher Regional Court On | Children repeatedly, with the help foreign terrorist organization: | 2 September, Sama N. | Of Asia R. A. who prepared the acquitted of war crimes; two-year was convicted of two counts | 09m and put make-up on one of suspended juvenile sentence of membership in a foreign : the girls. n addition, the suspects. terrorist organization and | reportedly exploited the girls Facts { acquitted of war crimes. She | economically by constantly using In September 2013, Samra N. | received a two-year suspended | them for housework and childcare. travelled to Syria and joined the | juvenile sentence. In sentencing, | The girls were forbidden to practice BE foreign terrorist group abhat | the court tok into account her | thei own religion: instead. they had al-Nusra. She entered into a | comprehensive confession | to follow Islamic prayers and rules. religious marriage with one of the | during the investigation and her of faith according tothe defendants organization's combatants, ang by edb reecton of ISIS. Both instructions. November 2013 the couple hag | {n° defendant and the federal joined ISIS. She was reported to | Proseculor general waived their | The defendants would also respond have advertised on the internet | "9M! 103ppeal tothe children's aleged misconduct encouraging people in Germany ~~ with harsh physical violence. On totravel to Syria to join Jabhat al- one occasion. Twana H.S. allegedly Nusa. hit the older girl with a broomstick. Asia R.A. reportedly scalded the The prosecuting authorities TWana H.S.and Asia R.A. younger girs hand with hot water asserted that Samra N. provided and repeatedly forced both children accommodation to a woman who Country of commission 1o stand on one leg for half an hour had been influenced to leave the Syria and Iraq each as punishment. country through these means. She also managed the household for her Jurisdictional basis Before leaving Syrian November 2017. spouse and assisted in acquiring Universal jurisdiction the suspects handed the girls over military equipment for ISIS. On to other members of SIS. two occasions when her husband Suspects was away on combat missions, Tana H. S. and Asia R. A. Iraqi she reportedly stayed in women's nationals, alleged former members houses that SIS had occupied after of SIS driving out the original residents. Samra N. returned to Germany Country of residence of suspects at the beginning of 2014, but was Germany, alleged tohave remained a member of ISIS until at least February 2015. Procedure Follow-up on other cases On 19 March 202, an arrest warrant was issued against them . 3 Federal Courtof Justice. On April 2024, both were reste fcr of the federal criminal police inthe Ongoing structural southern state of Bavaria investigations The sccused were DOUG bIOT Sica mesigtion sce 205 egardngcrimes maasemUicane Federal Court of Jusice 0 9304. ce March 2022 rearing ternational cries commited in arrest warrants and ordered them 10" MS CO be remandedin obo remanded in custody. a naishon Toh On December 2024 Ta 5. SI7eS ted by the farmer and Asia R. A. were indicted on regme charges of genocide, crimes * Stuctural investigation regarding ‘against humanity, war crimes ang CfiMes by rebel armed groups in membership in foreign terrorist SI organization. Structural invesigatons regarding 15S crimes and 155 crimes against heard. B= SUSPECTS IDENTIFIED IN Procedure Follow-up on other cases. INVESTIGATION OF KILLING In Aprit 2022. Lithuanian authorities OF LITHUANIAN FILMMAKER ~~ 9%€1d an InVesUaion 0 16 gyi egimeaticils(UJAR IN MARIUPOL, UKRAINE case. The European Center for 0 70); tne investigation is Constitutional and Human Rights 2002: Boris B. Vyacheslav K and (ECHR) supported Kvedaravicius's Pavel M fiancée, Hanna Bilobrova, and her Lithuanian lawyer in gathering CY eromiton and analyzing evidence as well A as by providing legal expertise in international criminal ta Bossi persansliy DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 — In February 2026, the General Boris B. Vyacheslav K. and | Prosecutor " 0 ee Pavel M. alleged members of the | 4170Unced hal ree soldiers of SomseMgermsonia gate | 10 ale Dore, Pics gf mee Tee calle Donetsk Peoples Repu» 0% 4 11000 wih of liberty and murder of the Country of residence of Suspects | oun ea re unkown crimes against humanity. To locate the suspects and serve Charges them with the court orders, War crimes of murder and nfition nants has submited o lego of bodily harm, torture or other | assistance request to Ukraine. inhuman reatment; crimes against |... H humanity Current status Indicted Facts Lithuanian filmmaker Mantas Kredaravitius went to Mariupol to shoot footage for the second part of his documentary Mariupols. Around the end of March 2022, he was captured by armed forces. presumably Russian-backed soldiers of the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic. while helping to evacuate civilians from the besieged town. He was found dead afew days ater in th vicinity of the place of arrest. ACOUITTAL FORWAR CRIMES Procedure Bm GF AN AFGHAN PRISON In 2012, the Dutch pice opened DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 COMMANDER BY COURT OF an investigation into alleged war | On 12 June 2024, the Court APPEAL IS NOW BEFORE crimes committed in Afghanistan | of Appeal overturned Arifs | THE SUPREME COURT by perpetrators now residinginthe | conviction. The judges ruled | Netherlands, This included Razaq | in his favo based on the legal Abdul Raza Arif Arif involvement in Pu-e-Charkhi | interpretation of the crimes n © in Afghanistan, On 12 November question. n particular whether © Coney ot commiesion 2019, the Dutch police arrested | these acts qualified as war | Aghanistan Raza Arif on suspicion of war | crimes. The court accepted he | crimes. In 2020 the prosecutors | defenses argument tat the © JU—— gathered statements from vitms | delnton of policl prisoners | ve pereonali and former Afghan government | in Pul-e Charkhi may not have tin garsonsiy officials. demonstrating that | been linked to the conflict, : Suspect the suspect held three different | ruling that the offenses could | ‘Abdul Razaq Arif, dual Afghan and POSitions at the Pul-e-Charkhi | not therefore be classified as | Dutch national, former commander Prison. j war crimes. H ofthe Pu Chri prison in Kabul On 7 July 2026, the Dutch On 14 April 2022. The Hague District | pusie Prosecution Sorsice | Netherlands. had worked na supervisory role in | Arif’s acquittal before the the Pul-e-Charkhi prison from 1983 | Supreme Court, The appeal Charges to 1988, and was responsible for | specifically contests the Court War ines of airy detention, the detention conditions and the of Appeat finding hat no nk or order of Blocks 1,2 and 3 ofthe | existed between the human assault on personal dignity prison, where political prisoners | ats for which Ar had been © and detainees were held. As such. convicted by The Hague | J Re was found uily of the war | District Court and the armed | Conviction overturned an appeal by _ CMe of arbitrary detention, cruel | confit H the Court of Appeal: appeal against and inhuman treatment and assault the acauital ponding before he 0 the personal digty of at east Jia 18 individual political prisoners commited between 1983 and 1967. I. He was sentenced to 12 years in During the Soviet-Afghan war, Prison. alms 40 years after the oui crimes took lace, with the cour a out foes considering that “the passage of inhumane conditions of detention, time does not constitute a reason incommunicado detention, 10 3 reduced sentence.” torture and executions of political prisoners. From 1983 to 1988. Razaq Arf worked in a supervisory role a the Pu-e-Charki prison. Rozaq Arif arrived in the Netherlands in 2001 and later obtained Dutch nationality. for his work since he was 13and CALL FOR WITNESSES was using his earnings to support ISSUED DURING WAR CRIMES DUTCH NATIONAL ARRESTED his mother and a younger child. ~ INVESTIGATION OF ALLEGED FOR RECRUITING HER Deleted 0 be is allbrother Or SECURITY CHIEF FOR JABHAT MINOR SON TO JOIN ISIS afaqss. AL-NUSRA AND ISIS. AS A CHILD SOLDIER i 2 SOLOL Procedure Ayham al-S. Ayada K. Ayada K. was repatriated. with her daughter, to the Netherlands Country of commission Country of commission in May 2024 and was arrested. syria Syria The investigation is ongoing. with Ayada K_ first appearing before Jurisaictional basis Jurisdictional basis the court in August 2024 for 3 pro. Universal jurisdiction ‘Active personality forma hearing. In the course of the investigation. Ayada K.has invoked Szpect Suspect her righto remain silent. Ayham al-S. Syrian national, ‘Ayada K. Dutch national alleged security chief in Jabhat al- Nusra (2013-2015) and ISIS (2015 Country of residence of suspect 2018) responsible for maintaining Netherlands public order in and around the Yarmauk refugee camp south of Charges. Damascus As the case i at the investigation stage. the suspect has not been Country of residence of suspect formally charged. The investigation Netherlands focuses on the war crime of recruiting and using a child solder, Charges abandoning a person in need of Participation in a criminal organization, taking preparatory war crimes. actions for a crime with terrorist intent, and removing children from Current stows the authority of a parent. Indicted: detained Current status Facts Under investigation: detained According to the prosecution. Ayham al-S. held a senior Facts managerial position inthe security Ayada K.is alleged to have been an service of ISIS between 2015 accomplice to the recruitment and and 2018. leading the unit use of her son, Abdallah, as a child responsible for maintaining public solider by ISIS. In 2014, Ayada K. order. For two years prior to that. travelled to Turkey with her then- he allegedly carried out the same 13-year-old son. Abdallah. and work for Jabhat al-Nusra. Both then-14-year-old daughter. Safia functions were held in and around From there, she crossed ino Syria the Yarmouk refugee camp south and settled in Ragas. which had of Damascus. recently been declared the capital of the Islamic State. After arriving While fulfilling these functions in Ragga. Abdallah was forced during the period between 2013 to attend miliary training and and 2018. Ayham al-S. is Later join ISIS a5 a member of its suspected of having contributed military police. Abdallah i believed 1o the commission of war crimes, to have died in Ragaa in 2017 at the including the execution of at least age of 16. According to the Public 12 people ata power plant in Yalda, Prosecution Service ISIS records othe west of the Yarmouk Camp. show that Abdallah had been paid in mid-January 2014 Agha a5. applied for asylum in FIRST CONVICTION FOR Hasna Aarab was arrested after the Netherlands in 2019 and sete INTERNATIONAL CRIMES arriving in the Netherlands in in Arkel in 2020. AGAINST THE YAZIDIS IN November 2022. An initial hearing THE NETHERLANDS was held in February 2023. She Procedure : B was charged vith the crime against Aghamal-S was arrested in Arkel Hasna Aarab humanity of slavery. and with on 17 January 2023 and placed into ‘membership in a foreign terrorist custody. Information that ed to his. Country of commission organization. arrest was based on research and Syria victim interviews conducted by Coy the Syrian Center for Media and uriscicions basis i DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Freedom of Expression (SCM). He Active personality | The trial took place in Octaber was charged with participation in | 2024. 0n 11 December 2024, | a criminal organization aimed at Suspect | arab was convicted of ane | commiting war crimes. Hasna Aarab, Dutch national, | count of the crime against © loged former member of S15 | humanity of enslavement 3s | ——— [oumerhy st ensiavemsns ss | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2026 | coynury of residence of suspect | foreign terrorist organization. i 0n 9 April 2024, the Public | Netherlands [orometionlosjtersristicrives if prosecution Service issued acall | and child endangerment. She | for witnesses to the executions | Charges jjrastsentencegiichtentyeai sii allegedly committed by Ayham | Crime against humanity of slavery | "<0" men" i {AUS in Yalda ISOS | membership in a foreign terrorist | stated thatthey werepartculary | grozrization promotion of terrorist | interested in winesses WO crime; cig endangerment themsatves saw victims whie | | they were detained by ISIS or {c.g who sow who was involved in | i Convicted: sentenced to ten years | the executions. To dently new | CoO Sen oO witnesses to the executions. 3 | : social media campaign in Arabic | | was also launched. The next | F2<1% rg to tea | In 2015, Hasna Aarab allegedly Seman | wavelled to Syria from the eerieieeeieeeeeeieaeeeeeneo.t Netherlands with her four-year- old son and married a Moroccan ISIS fighter. Between 1 May and T August 2015, she stayed at her husband's acquaintance's house in Ragas, Syria. A Yazidi woman. Z. allegedly performed domestic work at their home as forced labor. In November 2022, Hasna Aarab returned from the camps located nthe Kurdish autonomous area in northern Syria, along with 11 ther women who were alsa repatriated tothe Netherlands Procedure The Yazidi victim, Z.. provided testimony to the United Nations Investigative Team to Promote Accountablty for Crimes Commited by Daesh/ISL (UNITAD). DUTCH FORMER MEMBER OF © FIRST CONVICTION IN ISIS CONVICTED FOR TAKING DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 Tyg NETHERLANDS OF A WER CHILDREN TO AWAR ZONE | On 26 April 2026. Krista van T. | MEMBER OF A FORMER AY was convicted of membersip | SUR eC ME RIE ner fevers ns end endangerment ang MILTIAUNDER APPEAL Country of commission sentenced to four years in | My gtafa A. wy pr he os sais of — | count concuded tat thre | Sool commis | Cont he dently of tho | evil owners of the houses Keita van T. Ouch national, WIE re afenint sn alegedormer member Sis | 17 mY are sad to hve © used by the defendant and her | Mustafa A. Syrian national, alleged Country of esdencorsapeet | eee re twa ug Netherlands lawful owners. i charges Netherlands War crime of lagig: membershin hid endangerment Crimes against humanity of serious deprivation of Unety and torture: Convicted of membership in a of berty and torture: partcipating chi neglect, acauited of th war commit erationa mes BE crime of pillaging; sentenced to four In 2014, Krista van T. traveled o Syria and joined 1515 with . her husband. They ved in two The pro-regime mila Lia al- houses in Racqa and Taba, ater Gud m Syria was foundedin heal he owners of the Rouses were Narra Palesimon refagee came Teportely Hild or chased away near Aleppo. Armed by the former InFebruary 2019. er husband was Syrian regime, twas deployed to In November 2022, Krista van T According to the conviction, returned from the camp locoted Mustafa A was born in he ol. inte Kurdish autonomaus rea Noyrab. camp and was part orther Sy. along wit 11 ath of the Liwa o-auds mila. In women wha were ate repatriated January 201. he alegedyarested to the Netherlands. 2 civton in i wor 1 the ae Naytab comp. The clan was Procedure allegedly abused during the arte he beginning of 2023. he was Ineligence prison, whee he was charged with the var crime of reportcly orured log. mambaratis na foreign Tertaris organization and cha Mustfa A had been [ving in the endangorment Netherlands since 2020 and had prs NEW CASE! NEW CASE! 102020, the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression (SCM) FORMER RWANDAN MILITARY ~~ DUTCH FORMER MEMBER shared information regarding the OFICIAL ARRESTED IN OF ISIS CONVICTED slegations against Mustafa ADE NETHERLANDS FOR MEMBERSHIP IN A Dutch war crimes unit. The E > NEw 2 TERRORIST ORGANIZATION Dutch police arrested Mustafa A. Pierre-Claver Karangwa Ris] ox in Kerkrade on 24 May 2022. He Xaviera s. was later charged with war crimes. Country of commission and crimes against humanity Rwanda Country of commission commited in Syria in 2013. In bei August and October 2022. The Jurisdictional basis Hague District Court decided there Universal jurisdiction FE were sufiient compeling reasons ie personaly to keep him in custody. Suspect Pirre-Claver Karangwa, Rwandan... h i national (whose Dutch CHtzenship xara 5. Dutch national, former | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | was revoked). former Rwandan pov of 1915 {On 22 January 2024, the Hague | miltary offical District Court determined that Country of residence of suspect | iva atiauds was a criminal | Country of esidenco of suspect Count oe organization with the intent | Netherlands i to commit bodily harm and i Charges pillage as war crimes, as | Charges © well as unlawful detention | As the case is at the investigation War crime sto laging membership © a5 a crime against humanity. | stage. the suspect has not been "2 "TOMS! O13: | The cour also confirmed that | formally charged. The mestigaion. i Mustafa A. held a leadership : focuses on genocide. UIFSA SX81IS { role within the organization. | Convicted of membership in a The court found Mustafa A. | Current satus terrorist organization: acquitted © responsible for the arrest | Under investigation: detained of the war crime of pillaging; i of one victim and complicit | ‘sentenced to 860 days in prison as. © in the torture inflicted upon : Facts well as 480 hours of community this individual in detention. | During the three-month period of Service: under appeal Due to insuficent evidence, | the Rwandan genocide in 1994, | Mustafa A. was acquitied of | approximately 800.000 people were FClS charges related to the arrest | yi. mainly Tutis and moderate. 2016. XevieraS. a Dutch national, and torture of a second victim. | putas. Former Rwandan miltary travelled to Syria to join ISIS, He was sentenced 0 1216315 | citcer irre Caver oranga was, FEUniing with her husband, who inprison. | alegedty mveivedin the massacreof as already ving in ISIS-controlled © Goh Mustafa A and the | neorly30000thic TutsisatMugina terior. Over the course of nearly © prosecution service have filed | Parish, near Kigal, during this period. four years. she lived in various al locations within th caliphate. | fppesisaganstine dec procedure 1n2012, Rwanda sought Karangwa's Procedure extradition from the Netherlands to Xaviera S. was arrested in face genocide charges. Karangwa January 2018 in Turkey. where she denied any role in these crimes. Spent about one-and-a-half years. In June 2023 the Dutch Supreme in prison. After her release, she Court blocked the extradition. citing Was extradited to the Netherlands, concerns about the faimess of a Where she was immediately potential ial in Rwanda, particularly arrested on suspicion of being a given Karangwa's role as an memberofaterrorist organization ‘opposition politician. Following this She was placed in pre-trial ruling, Karangwa was arrested in detention from November 2019 the Netherlands in 2023 in relation until May 2020. ntal ried in the to 3 separate Dutch investigation District Court of Rotterdam, her initiated ater the extradition request €35¢ Was transferred othe District was denied. Court in The Hague after charges DUTCH FORMER MEMBER terrorist organization. Later, war of war crimes, specifically pillaging. OF ISIS ACQUITTED OF WAR crimes charges were added to that were added fo her indictment. CRIMES BUT CONVICTED OF indictment. OTHER OFFENSES ON APPEAL In April 2026, the Hague District ~~ 55 on 29 June 2021, The Hague District Court convicted Xaviera S. Yousra Lemouesset Court found Lemouesset guilty of of membership in a terrorist preparation or and failtation of a organization and of making Country of commission terrorist offense, participation in an online threats against two Dutch Syria organization aimed at committing journalists. She was sentenced terrorist offenses and war crimes, 10.860 days in prison. Taking into Jurisdictional basis publicly inciting terrorist offenses consideration the period she had Active personality and war crimes, and the war crime already spent in prison in Turkey. of violating persanal dignity. She 720 days of her sentence were Suspect was sentenced to six years in prison suspended. Additionally. she was Yousra Lemouessat, Dutch national, and detention under a hospital ordered to perform 480 hours of former member of SIS order. including compulsory community service for threatening psychiatric treatment journalists. The court dismissed the Country of residence of suspect journalists’ compensation claims. ~ Netherlands For the first time, The Hague District Following her acquittal for the war Court concluded that ISIS was not crime charge of pillaging and the Charges only a terrorist organization, but dismissal of the compensation preparation for and faciltationof a 2150 a criminal organization with claims, the public prosecution terrorist offense: participation nan 30 3m to commit core international service appealed the verdict. organization aimed at committing Crimes. terrorist offenses and war crimes; publicly inciting terrorist offenses Lemouesset appealed the court's and war crimes; war crime of decision. violating personal dignity J | Current status DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 Convicted: acquitted of the war | On 11 September 2024, | crime of violating personal dignity | the Hague Court of Appeal | on appeal; sentenced to two years’ | confirmed her conviction for : imprisonment; under appeal before | {he charges of participation | the Supreme Court, detained | in a terrorist organization and | | public incitement of terrorist : _— i offenses and war crimes. : According to the conviction, | However. the Court of Appeal; Lemauesset was one of the hosts | ><01t¢ Lene! 2 ne i | war crime of violating personal | of GreenB1rds, a Telegram group FCB pit used a5 a channel to spread ISIS | 7 SUE WAS SENTERO 0 ideology. {cout ordered her placement | in psychiatric care with | Lemouesset also reportedly | PIES H distributed a video of captured SIS. | i victims being burned alive. adding | This judgement has been © dehumanizing comments to the | appealed and is pending video | before the Supreme Court. | Procedure n 10 October 2019, the police arrested Lemouesset at her house in Uithoorn. The Dutch prosecution charged her with inciting terrorist crimes, distributing inciting jihad materials and membership in a and 1992. In February 2022, the Suspect’s lawyer argued that his DUTCH POLICE ARREST client should be exempt from DUTCH NATIONAL SURINAME-BORN DUTCH prosecution under an amnesty ARRESTED FOR HIS NATIONAL ON SUSPICION scheme announced in Suriname. AL | EGED INVOLVEMENT OF WARCRIMESDURING Hovever the courl ruled 1hal | quianoaN GENOCIDE SURINAMESE INTERIOR wag 10reian amnesty awsonly preclude 11104 OOO S IR prosecution in the Netherlands in Name withheld Name withheld exceptional cases. and this case did not meet that threshold. The Country of commission Country of commission defense appeal was therefore Rwanda Suriname denied. Jurisdictional basis [— The Public Prosecution Service's Active personality a gersonalty investigation remained active throughout 2026. with Several s,spects Suspect witnesses already interviewed. Name withheld. Dutch national Suriname-born Dutch national Th police are gathering further from Ege information. particularly regarding Country of residence of suspect the “purification actions” that country of residence of suspect a. took place around mid-1987 near Netherlands Brownsweg in the Brokopondo FE area. where the Surinamese charges As the case is at the investigation National Army allegedly conducted as the case is a the investigation stage, the suspect has not been OPErations resulting in civilian stage. the suspect has not been formally charged. The investigation °25ualtes. formally charged. The investigation focuses on the war crime of iling. focuses on war crimes of plundering and destroying property. Under investigation: detained Current status Under investigation: detained Facts Between 1986 and 1992, the Facts Surinamese National Army. led by During the three-month period of Desi Bouterse, was engaged in a the Rwandan genocide in 1994. conflict with the armed group the approximately 800 000 people Jungle Commando, established were killed. mainly Tutsis and by Ronnie Brunswilk, resulting moderate Hutus. A man from in the deaths of hundreds of Ede is suspected of inciting and civilians and the displacement of participating in the kiln of Tutsis tens of thousands. The defendant during this time. According to the served as an infantry member of Public Prosecution Service, the the Surinamese National Army suspect was also involved in a during ths period and participated campaign of looting targeting the in commando operations. He Tutsi population in 199%, during reportedly admitted being which Tutsis® properties were responsible for several killings in ransacked and homes destroyed June 1987. which prompted the in the town of Gatobotobo, located Dutch Public Prosecution Service in the Huye district. In April 1994 10 0pen an investigation. alone. over 100 000 people were Jill in this area Procedure 1 2021, Dutch authorities arrested Procedure the suspect in Amsterdam on The suspect has long been suspicion of involvement i kings wanted in Rwanda on charges committed during the Interior of genocide and crimes against War in Suriname between 1986 humanity. In 2014. Rwandan authorities issued an international INVESTIGATIONS CONTINUE Procedure arrest warrant and requested is IN FIRST-EVER SEXUAL On 8 December 2023, the suspect extradition from the Netherlands. VIOLENCE CHARGES BROUGHT as arrested in Druten, in the However, 35 the Suspect Holds AGAINST SYRIAN FORMER. Province of Gelderland. Shorty uh cliensne h can be \esenor pro pte 21 eel nine eters extradited. the International Crimes Team PARAMILITARY GROUP had been informed that a person Since 2020. the National Nye withheld with hs name had worked os he Investigation and Intervention chief interrogator at the NOF in Unit along withthe National PUDE or of commission Salamiyah The suspect as charged Prosecution Service, have been cys with complicity in torture in an investigating his case. Officers offical capacity wih specific ten, I complicity in torture 35 a crime Rwanda tointerview witnesses and varet isdcion against humanity and compicy in conduct on-site investigations, with various forms of sexual vence 25 dozens of witnesses now hong <0 crime against humanity seen heard. Syrian ntonal. alleged (OTE! 1, 1 become 2023, he was Based on the findings of the seeaimontof me Netount aru TOUGHT before the examining investigation. the suspect was paren or) magistrate fo a procedural hearing arrested in February 2024. The EE investigation s ong6ing. The Best cence orsumpeet | } known proforma hearing was held yemeront | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 on 10 December 2024 | in 2024 during pr-it hearings, © Crimes against humanity of torture | 11 Pretrial detention of the suspect. The court affirmed | ss sexuslvidlensesiortire the importance of the ongoing | Indicted: detained its tenothy duration and the | Facts | detention. A further hearing took | In 2013 and 2014, the accused | pceon 1 oy 2028 aged served asthe headot ne ; interrogation department of the National Defence Force (NDF) in Fojovi-up on other cases Satamiyah, Syria. The NOF was a Several ra rope. mites, + Abs Kur Bomas a0 (AR fighting on the side of the former TIL £0: combed of wer Syrian government. According to C/IMes: conviction confirmed an the International Crimes Team of ~~ 2PPe3L: under appeal before the the Dutch National Police, in his Supreme Court position as head of the NDF, the * Amad ab¥. (JAR 2023, p. 74) ‘suspect allegedly committed acts Convicted on appeal for terrorism a longs and saute of core ternational against civilians, as crimes against Mes in 2022: under appeal brio tore th Supreme Cau. she Alu (LAR 2026, . 69) In July 2021, the accused arrived Conviction upheld on appeal: under in the Netherlands, obtained a appeal before the Supreme Court temporary asylum permit. and + Gus Kowwenhowen (JAR 2022. seted in Druten with is family. |. 87 comvted of war crimes; pending extradition from South Aiica aplication pending before tre European Court of Human Ran. PORTUGAL fos minal Prosecution charged th FIRST conVCTON I Arma ann an 056 ee tors rgsoton ard oh he CMAN AES wae mamoers of the aisha vararmnaiemsrymes sig ple EMBER OF 5151 7A Ameen. Iragi nationals. alleged |, or “hss crimes on the dnsppiny aire owes onto py EUR 15.0001 Charges Ammar Ameen convicted of cooyoor 2091, Ammar and ongoing. and war crimes; sentenced 016 years ae" Ameen were arrested an inaterorstorgmzsoncsemened (CL Care avons nestgatve Team to toten years in prison; awaiting af - ions Investiaative wd a ete. Pmt economy res Comes os ah SL ONTRD INVESTIGATION OPENED INTO ~~ Terrén is alleged to have traded WAR IN SIERRA LEONE ‘purportedly brought to Monrovia, M: | Terre nut ferren the international market. The Aciveversonsity the civil war in Sierra Leone. Manuel Terrén, Spanish national, | c°%U"® supervised the actions of a business > fled agslast Manuel Verein network in Liberia dedicated tothe 2610re the Audiencia Nacional ‘extraction, marketing and export of Madrid by an individual who diamonds from Sierra Leone during Suffered and witnessed alleged Brant ” ‘support of the NGOs Civitas Maxima As the case is at the investigation (CARL ~ based n Sierra Leone) formally charged. The investigation ie investigation was formsly focuses on crimes against humanity opened in January 2022. anwar criraes, On 2 July 2024, Manuel Terrén was Under investigation; the suspect is was travelling from Brazil. He filed ot oVisiond release was released five days later. Pacts On 1 October 2026, the investiga the Revolutionary United Front, a 5129¢ Of the investigation phase. Rom State stmed group, enciaveq PFO" 0 the phase of indictments civilians in the district of Kono, in and trial po TRIAL CONTINUES OF Lundin Petroleum allegedly paid Lundin Petroleum may have been SWISS AND SWEDISH the Sudanese army and non- complicit in international crimes. OIL BUSINESSMEN FOR State armed groups to forcibly committed in Sudan between 1997 COMPLICITY IN SUDANESE displace the local population from and 2003. Swedish prosecutors ilrich areas, in order to secure opened a preliminary investigation WAR CRIMES o their operations. Between 1999 the same year. Schneiter and Lundin Alex Scheiter and lan and 2003, around 160 000 civilians became forma suspects afer being Lundin were forcedly displaced and questioned by prosecutors in 2016. thousands died. Other crimes Country of commision were allegedly carried out in Under Swedish law, the prosecution mwa} this context, including unlawful of a foreign national for crimes. lings rape. enslavement. torture, committed abroad requires. FA indiscriminate attacks. pillage and ~ governmental authorization. On Univereal Jurisdiction and active he recruitment of hid soldiers. 18 October 2018, the Swedish personality government authorized the Schneiter was the head of prosecutor to proceed with an Suspects exploration during th relevant time indictment in this case. Alex Schneier, Swiss national ang Period: and Lundin, the chairman CE of Orrén Energy: lan Lundin, Of the company. According to the On 11 November 2021, Schnter rom Energy Supported the government of Omar and abetting war crimes commitied al-Bashir. the Sudanese army and in Sudan between 1999 and 2003 in Countries of residence of suspects re9ime-alied milias in carrying the content of the noninternational Fair aol out systematic attacks against armed conflict with the purpose of civilians. securing the company’s il operations aarges in southern Sudan. According to the enya eres In April 2020, Lundin Petroleum prosecution, the Sudanese regime. changed ts name to Lundin Energy. ~ systemaicaly attacked civilians and F— committed indiscriminate attacks, in ben In July 2022. Norway's Aker BP order to take control over relevant acquired 98 percent of the sharesof areas and create conditions for the. — Lundin Energy. The remaining two ol exploration activities of Lundin Th second Sane ci war took 9S1n. renamed Orr Energy, Prem. lace between the government "Ould carry the full responsibilty Ei Sudan. he Sudanese people's Of the Sudanese legacy. Several Later that month, Schneiter Liberation Army (SPLA) ang other. NGOS denounced the fact that the requested the District Court to armed groups Irom 198 to 200s, 13Ke0ver by Aker BP will make it reject the indictment against him, According 1 a report ublshed Vey Gifu for the victims to ever claiming that Swedish courts have 2070 by te Eurepen Conlon on TCCENe Compensation. and hat his no jurisdiction over him due 0 is Glin Suan, the company Lundin COnSHutes an abuse of company Swiss national. The Disrct Court Petroleum ator renamey Lundin 18% aimed at denying war crimes rejected his request and Schneiter Eneray an Oren Encroy) signed a VHS thir right. appealed to the Svea Court of conan 197 ooo tay Rapes, which ogress wih the with the government of Sudan for */9¢e0ure iar cours dagigion. Coane in Sudan submitted to the Swedish Block Sh conchsson which water International Public Prosecution atthattime under foll governmental Oe 15 report indicating that control The criminal ity of private At th rdf November 2023. the FORMERIRANIAN OFFICAL components mr eu. Doren Bes Cort nos Sone OF ho NES Sweden. sothe company cannot be that 27 plaintiffs will not be able RELEASED IN PRISONER SWAP Soa Bum 0 BOD SO am abi ano en dct SES EUR 530. repens of poy Lovina prosetrr a. Coane basis in international law for the SEK 500 000 each (approximately territory. DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | cyrrent status. In August 2025. he cam to oie eer ot due $0 ora un 33880030 rr o—n — ed tobe pean 2530 ne prisoners, bringing them to the The appeal trial started on death commissions and escorting 11 January 2023 and lasted for them to the execution site. 11 months. On 19 December 2023. SWEDISH NATIONAL ON the Svea Court of Appeal confirmed TRIAL FOR GENOCIDE, Procedure the conviction and fe sentence of CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY Noury was arested an November Nour for war crimes and murder. wl we Rae. AGAINST 2019 while traveling to Sweden, Noury requested eave 029920110 Spore mesmo afer Iranian dissidents in Sweden the Supreme Court ATS IN fied complaints against him eens, Lina Laina shag On 13 November 2019, the court | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2026 (ooo allowed his pre-trial detention | On 6 March 202%, the Supreme | gyriy which was renewed several times Court rejected Nourys request | as the investigation was ongaing. | for eave to appeaL. —— was | Active personality 0n 10 August 2021, Noury's trial + 01 1° n® Er ” opened in Stockholm flee — CI Une Lainalshaq Swedish national. On 9 November 2021. the a Stockholm District Court moved to Dirres, floania tor Vrs washs to Country of residence of suspect hear seven witnesses oi Atter 92 days of hearings. on — 16 July 2022. the Stockholm District Goren through causing 4 Court established that the crimes et commited sgonet sympathizers pain or harm or subjecting them of the People’s Mojahedin to severe suffering and forcibly the Mojahedin's cooperation with a ah uster rot the Iraq army in the international pre ed armed confit between Iran and is Sy nant Ira whic rigger the appication nied ofnternational humanitarian sw. hpi Apes Bhp Therefore, the court found Noury forced labor or other such state Qui 3p war Cries 8s Cries of coercion, deprivation of liberty against international law for his and persacation on the bass of involvement in the mass executions pkapgntnonto of sympathizers of the People’s war crimes of torture or other Mojahedin Organization of ran. and a ves for murder for the executions of farm mmmionn leftwing sympathizers who were deemed to have renounce their ne Isami ith. Noury was sentenced ee tole imprisonment Compensation for injury was alo awarded to close i. relatives of executed prisoners and The city of Ragas in Syria was to surviving prisoners. taken over by ISIS militants in 2014. Under ISIS control. the In August 2022. both Newry snd Vazid minority was deprived of the prosecution appealed the basic freedoms and rights. Women, conviction men and children were regarded as property and subjected to Savery forced labor. deprivation of Having travelled to Syria in 2013to STOCKHOLM DISTRICT COURT group. He travelled to Sweden Jone uso Los Lane a ACGUITS FORMER SYRIAN 1 015. sere he crs sed av een ait SEMA OF Wem Cogs oa So. Hower, ing am recom woman ang CNRALOEWARCRNES SI rn oy rms Caren barn to tn You ohammed Homo ine gona tot ama rad She repre. rested hess Coreof cammission eS amo FAA I numerous wav. ncaa oy ih anit ed case aginst for cot or warn Ura rao was lad 1 ators Hom. 25 wall 3 3 anion [FA — Shooarsoner and a. French Mohammed Hameo, Syrian national, journalist who were both injured procure es ain th tock on oe c's mao I 3025 she was comicted of corr fang. in er capacity 23 5 On ese 2021. Hao was Sraan ortesat er area Cages estes by a Swed on Satan nd CTT try watt, sos og rena used asa chidsoldierbylSiS during (od PT EER EE FOES gross violation of international law in sms carl Syria GAR rim 012 Trocortordees Ura 79 Showa meee ce a rls to ay tr du on 19 Septambar 2020, white es roses reno he | : conviction, the Swedish Prosecution Coreen 1 January and | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 i ory mitosis on avr 20 Ju 2012 Mohamad HO | 1 tr, tim charges of anced, comes againt "214 1 positon of head of he LC] i humanity and serious war crimes 2"2ment unt of the 117 Division; H mary ad sr res Coys ofthe Syrian ay | On 15 Ape 2024, te til in Raa, Sin i th rd ams ams Hama (ana Ar. | commences ncn At 0 to December 016 Ratan and a Hou was | smn Fon dn parts, evo on ido | 1 wists, a2 fo pr | people, including six minor children 9 ithezses with Avge lof lL el try sr SS a anes au ot prin | brian has been described as one of the ; Military structures and Syrian Per born i Ra scorn 0 miss eulornl the indictment, they were treated MOS! senior Syrian military officials €omPensation Tassie’ |} as slaves, were required to perform 10 be tried in Europe. i On 20 June 2024, the Stockholm | Toco vasa ene | Bert Gor sce Horo, suffering and torture. Ishagis further The indictment alleged that. during | stating that the evidence Alleged to have sold people to 5. this period, the Syrian army active | presented by the prosecution © eater, hasan and rou Hon | te to row ht i i being killed or subjected to serious and Hama systematically engaged | was involved in war crimes pd I ascrmnte stacks spans | a thre vas min | ne wtanpopuenn hamgwes | ore 10 cont nm The Swedish Prosecution alleged to have made strategic | The court also held that the Authority identified Ishaq through decisions to carry out those | Prosecution did not prove that information shared by the United ~ military operations as well as to oe Ey Lan H ator espe Team 15 nove nes rans spy | SE rors re Promate Accountability for Crimes of arms and ammunition to unt | 2169°d ta i Comes Ov ISL LNTAD) ed vases To il began on 7 October 2024 Hamstring Toray bere Som BSTACa. wre a arts San cpion permanent residence and has since closely related to the conflict to then resided and been registeredin which the group was a party. and FORMER MEMBER OF SYRIAN Sweden. hat the use of propaganda layed OPPOSITION ARMED GROUP asignifcant ole in the fightin. The CETEO OF ARCANE Procedure court noted th child's prominent FORUSING ACHLO UNDER n March 2022. the Swedish placement nthe fim. inferring that Ee eR Migration Agency reported the hid was intended to function T5INAPROPAGANDAVIDEO ii tg ne poice tht Mnzer 35 form f mascot fo the group Munzer Al Hasan Al Hasan may have been involved futher note that the fact the child in the commission of mernatonal was holding a weapon-ke abject Conese common crimes. These suspicions arose 3s gave the impression tht he was Foe a result of open-source research ready to ake prt in bate. On this conducted bythe Swedish Migration _ basis, the court concluded tha the FE Agency. During the course of tis inclusion of a hid na propaganda earn esearch, a video, shot in Syrian fim of this nature, with a clear March 2014, was discovered, in miltay characte, constutes direct — which Munzer AL Hasan stood at _ participation i hastiltes of a child Meet A Hasan, Syrian national, 3 Podium Before group of men under ihe age f 15. The court iso emia ot et Towne in uniform lik clothes. In front of attached particular importance to rast» Syn apposition armed {he podium, a child sat holding an the fact that th act was directed pi abject tht the prosecution alleged at a child in is assessment that was a weapon ihe threshold of seriousness was F— met fo a violation of international ton On 12 February 2026, Munzer AL humanitarian law to tract erminal Hasan was charged by ihe National labilly under the Swedish Penal _— Unit Against International and Code. War crime of using a child under 15 Organized Crime of the Swedish To trator ponies Nationa Prosecutor's Office with The court imposed a suspended war crimes for having allowed a sentence of four months. in Como: ton month suspendag 71 ro9a0anda im and pose with sevice for 120 hours. Th judgment Co anepchaea firearm with several armed and is final. community servic for 120 hours Unformed men ofthe armed group the al Tawhid Brigade. Facts The al Towhid Brigade was an The il 100k place in September med group tht fou sins 2026-00 27 September 2024, the i ma otter Uppsala District Court convicted in Syria. The group was active in the Munzer Al Yissa &5 3 sor ity of tama, amang other places, PEFBeIFaor of the war crime of using » hid under 15 for direct Munzer Al Hasan held a leading Participation in hostilties position in the group during the Deriod February to Maren 3014, The court was unable to conclude In March 2014, he was involved “ether the object the child in the making of a propaganda #25 holing in the video was 2 video in which a child posed with 1°31 Weapon but found this to be er ht amr va" eelvant tothe auestion of whether reat onasioe save mag. the participation of th chil nthe ee eters of ma video constituted direct participation Tania Broade.Toe soa wae. hostile. Based onthe content of one "2 the iden, the court concluded that it consiuted a propaganda fim Munzer Al Hasan entered Sweden "OSE purpose was to demonsirate re mimes 3014 and ape SienGih and resistance against for asylum in September 2014.0n the former Syrian regime. The etn 2075 ha wa grantag. out determined that the fim was — to Suweis Square in al-Sawana, harvey wrecseotea yor Aka SYRIAN NATIONAL ACQUITTED members of the group. He was also THREE SWEDISH NATIONALS ‘OF WAR CRIMES ON THE BASIS alleged to have been involved in DETAINED ON SUSPICION OF OF INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE 9200100 2 deceased body behind waR CRIMES AND CRIMES. EEE acor.yingit toa pole. desecraling pc aINGT HUMANITY IN SYRIA Walid Al Zaytun itand leaving it for public view, © HUMANE IN SRI Names withheld Country of commission Procedure Syria On 21 March 2023, Walid Al Zaytun Country of commission was arrested in Ronneby, Sweden Syria Jurisdictional basis and charged with the war crimes Universal jurisdiction of killing protected persons. urisaictionat basis humiliating o degrading treatment Active personality Suspect and torture or other inhuman Walid Al Zaytun, Syrian national, treatment Suspects alleged to have acted for SIS in the Three Swedish nationals, alleged al-Sawana area of Syria The trial took place in April 2026. members of the Syrian mila Free On 2 May 2024, the Blekinge palestine Movement” (FPM) Country of residence of suspect District Court acquitted Walid Al Sweden Zaytun of all charges on the b3sis Country of residence of suspects of insufficient evidence. Sweden Charges War crimes of killing protected The court noted that the cpyqges persons, humiliating or degrading PTOSECULION's extensive Use a the case is at the investigation treatment and torture or other Of Written witness statements tage, the suspects have not been inhuman treatment from foreign interrogations and formally charged. The investigation interviews, conducted by the focuses on war crimes and crimes Cu] Current status authriies in Turkey and Germany sine naman, Acquitted and by the NGO Commission for International Justice and crrent status Facts Accountability (CLIA), could only Under investigation: detained in May 2014, ISIS took control of be given very limited probative the area of al-Sawana in Syria, Value. I stressed in particular that, cr, Following the capture of the area, 35 an NGO. CLJA is not subject to. The FpM is a Palestinian Syrian itimposed a brutal regime on the the same regulatory framework armed movement. In 2012. upon local population. inflicting harsh and procedural safeguards as the outbreak of the Syrian civil punishments such as floggings European police authorities. yar, it formed a number of armed for minor offenses and installing a Making interviews conducted by myiitias which fought on the side of large screen to broadcast videos of CLA of imited probative value. The tne Syrian government, executions Judgments ina. During the period 2012 10 2014. the The prosecution alleged that, at mila exercised contral over the some point during the period 9 May Damascus district of Yarmauk on 2015 to 30 June 2015, Walid Al behalf of the former Syrian regime Zaytun joined or acted for ISIS in During this period. the milfia was al-Sawana. During this period. the implicated in serious abuses of prosecution alleged that he was civilians, including during a violent involved in the public execution crackdown on anti-government of two individuals. reportedly protests in the district in July 2012. members of the rival anti-Assad when members of the milta are armed group. Jaysh al-Islam. reported to have shot at civilian Walid Al Zaytun was alleged to protestors, iling and injuring many. have been involved in bringing the men unarmed bindfalded and with their hands tied behind their backs. The three suspects arrested in Follow-up on other cases Sweden are reported to have been members of the FPM and yor Ler ofthe to have participated in the violent UIE crackdownon protests in Jy 2012. pon” 0 ez pt te LES Procedure anne In July 2026, the three individuals were arrested in Sweden on suspicion of war crimes and crimes. against humanity committed in Syria during the period 2012 to 2014 The arrests took lace i coorination with Germany. Europol and Eurojust. as part of the joint investigation team “Caesar.” As part of the same investigation, five individuals were arrested in Germany on the same day seep. 62). SWITZERLAND fifi i me mn BESS, Sri misono Em Coon Er Alieu Kosiah ordered the cruel treatment of 2020 but was postponed four times. Er eee EEE SERRE - Ear Se ro Si =f — Ee - EEC —— SS me Hines SE PON FE RE Cage GH = Mees SERIE | ER SEs — 1 EEL SHE = EEA SE a, LS Sot x HSER Sr ae EEE er = —— nomi SEE SE See or SE FE Ee arco Emm Sm EEE ogy i prima ERE - Pein Sha re ns SELES Si rm SEES SEER hn SECIS Srna pe El Liberian president Charles Taylor's Child soldiers, lootings. ordering National Patriotic Front of Liberia. and participating in the forced Et Er 0n 2 September 2022. following FORMER GAMBIAN MINISTER presidetin January 2017 and going the plaints appeal regarding OF INTERIOR CONVICTEDOF nto exe Equatorial Ginga. the inclusion of charges of crimes CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY against humanity the OAG fled oo In 2018,a Truth, Reconciltion and an amended indictment against Ousman Sonko Reparations Commission (TRAC) Kasia o nclude charges crimes was set up to mestgate the crimes against humanity, Country of commission committed during the Jammeh The Gambia regime. In ts fina report published The appeal hearing began on late 2021. the TRRC recommended 11 January 2023 and tasted urisicionst basis ine prosecution Soko or the roe until 3 February 2023 at the Unersal jurisdiction he aged layed in kings that Swiss Federal Criminal Court of tek plcein 2000 2005 et Aricn Belinzona, Ticino. Suspect migrants), 2006 and 2012 and acts of Ousman Sonko, Gambian national, torture commited in 006 and 2016 On 1 June 2023, the Appeals former State Guard commander, The TRRC aso recommended his Chamber of the Swiss Federal formerinspector general of the police Prosecution for acts of sexual violence Criminal Court confirmed the (2005 a 200¢) and former minterof aged commited in 2005 and 2015 sentence and found Kosiah gully he terior (2008 2018 of mip counts of war crimes of The Gambian government published murder ape, NUMAN FeRMENt. County of resiince of suspect 21 mpementaon plan of he TRRC looting and the use of child solders Suatzerand recommendations in May 2023. One and added to the conviction yer later, the Gambian National multiple counts of the crime against Charges Assembly passed the Special humanity of murder Crimes against humanity of murder, Prosecutors Office il nd he Special torture severe deprivation of liberty Accountability echanim B1l to Hi ‘and rape committed between 2000 prosecute perpetrators of the Jammeh | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | Jon regime. In 2024 Alu Kosiah fled a petiiontobringthecasebefore | current status In parallel, the creation of hybrid B the Federal Supreme Court of | Convict: semanced to 20 yearsin Couto the most sei members Switzerland (Tiunal 166érall | iso: ating appt detained of the regime. including Yahya The content of the claims is | Jame has ben under discussion # not public. In principle. the | in the ECOWAS. On 15 December | Federal Supreme Court wil | pq Gambia was under he control of 202%. the ECOWAS approved the | ot review the [ats 400 MY | progientYarya ommeh fom 1994 _ establishment of he Speci Tribal | to ition of the tw, The | 12016 Formore ron wodecas, for The Gaia eras | and enforced disappearances were Aleted of Sorko's presence on Yes omnia | widespread Swiss territory, TRAL Internation! i : i fied a criminal complaint before After Jammeh's re-election in the prosecuting authorities in Bern September 2006, Ousman Sonko 9 25 January 2017. The former was appointed minster of the Gambian minister was arested the interior i held this postion uni following day at the immigration September 2016, when he was _ center of Lyss (canton of Bern), Giamissed from fice and lft Tne. here he had applied for asylum. Gambia Between 2017 and 2022, the Ofce December 201, Jammehrefsedto of he Attorney General 0AG) heard recognize heresalof he pescental Sanka on multiple occasions. Ten ecuon which aw the vitor of the Gambian victims filed individual cppostion cand Adama Barrow, complaints. Alf them. along with The Economic Commnty of West dozens of witnesses. including the Afncan Sates (ECOWAS) launched United Nations special rapporteur ‘military intervention in The Gambia On torture, were heard by the OAG. 10 enforce th lection results, which ted 10 Jammen stepping coun 2 The Swiss authorities travelled on FORMER SYRIAN VICE Rifaat al-Assad, as the commander different occasions to The Gambia PRESIDENT INDICTED FOR of the Defense Brigades, i accused Guring their investigation to WAR CRIMES ANDCRIMES Of having ordered numerous gather evidence in the framework AGAINGT HUMANITY offenses that took place in Hama of mutual judicial cooperation. © i in 1982 during the civil war in Syria including to hear witnesses. Rifaat al-Assad Procedure In April 2023, the OAG indicted Country of commission In December 2013, after being Sonko or crimes against humanity ~ Syria informed that Rifaat al-Assad and referred the case to the Federal was present on Swiss territory. Criminal Court (FCC). Jurisdictional basis TRIAL International ied a criminal . Universal jurisdiction complaint with the Office of the I ; Attorney General (0AG) accusing © DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | gnc him of having committed war © Sonkos trial took place in wo | Rifaat al-Assad, Syrian national, crimes during the Hama massacre | phasesincarty 2024 From81026 | Syria's former vice president, in 1962. A criminal investigation | January al partes were heard on | rother of the former Syrian Was opened a few days later the facts From 4107 March 2024, | president Hafez al-Assad and uncle against Rifaat al-Assad for the the DAG, the plaints’ lawyers. | tn former president Bashar al- same charges. and the defense then presented | pgsaq. former head of the Defense + their losing arguments. 0usman | rigades (Saraya al-Difa), Syria's In August 2014.3 plaintiff joined the | Sonkothenmadeafinalsiatement | ie commando troops, from 1971 proceedings. | tothecout. Pry re 1n 2015, Rfaat al-Assad returned its verdict, sentencing Ousmon | Country of residence of suspect to Geneva. TRIAL International © Sank 020 years prison for ne | Formerly residing in France, and the plaintiff asked the Swiss iovolvement in rumerous crimes | the accused fled to Syria in authorities to arrest him in order © against humanity committed | October 2021. current location to proceed to his hearing. Afer the: between 2000 and 2016. | unknown 0AG refused to proceed with his qulyof the murder of a perceived | Charges for provisional measures before political opponent in 2000. | War crimes and crimes against the Federal Criminal Court (FCC). | torture and unlawil detention in | humanity of having ordered ~The FCC ordered the OAG to hear | comectinwithacouppotnMarth | homicides, acts of torture, cruel Rifaat al-Assad without delay. and © 2006, he murder of 2 pOlian | treatments and legal detentions 3 Short hearing took place, during in 2011, and deprivation of tert which Rifaat al-Assad decided to andtorture including murder of Crent status remain sient. | peacsul demonstrators in 2016. | |oicteg {The FCC abo ordered Sarko to | 102016, three other plaintiffs joined pay compensation to the plans | the criminal proceedings. | in Sccordance wih the GMA | in February 1982. opponents of the sfrsd former Syrian regime led an armed In 2017. TRIAL International fled © However, the FCC cropped al | uprising in Hama. As retaliation the an additional complaint, backed | chargesof semalofences Wihout | Syrian armed forces, including the DY Various evidence, regarding ruling tht they ci not ake place, | Defense Brigades, attacked thecity. Rifaat al-Assad's involvement in © the cout held that these acts | Thecivilan population was trapped the Tadmor prison massacre that were isolated from the context | and cut of from supply. food and Occurred in 1980. The complaint of the atacks agaist the cian | electricity for almost a month, Was dismissed by the ORG © population and therefore could not | The estimated number of civilian consiutocrimesagansthuman. | casualties ranges from 10 000 to In September 2017. four years The court also ruled that electric | 4g 000, depending on the source. afte the ficial opening of the shocks 0 the gentals should be | 1n adition to the high number of investigation, one of the plaintiffs © considered torture rather than | casualties, entire areas of the city filed a petition alleging a denial sexalvilence. | were destroyed. of justice. The FCC dismissed it, i | considering that the extensive Je nl delay could be explained by the Herenihay | complexity of the case. In August 2018, a letter to | UU Eoligweyp on other cases Switzerland signed by the United | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 © Nations special rapporteurs on | On 11 March 2024, the OAG | . Christoph Huber (UJAR 2020, torture andon the independence of | closed its investigation and | 0 gute pie conicc cl judges and lawyers was published | indicted Rifaat al-Assad not by he Unite Htions. heowly anyon charges of war crimes, | irclion speed rearing rized Swizertand or analieged | but also of crimes sganst | ("0% VACHE ds Pe lack of independence and politcal | humanity. considering that | ia 70 Senegal LAR 202 interference notably concerning | the facts were commitieg | 83 the investigations ongoing the case against ifsat al-Assad. | 5 part of 2 widespread and | * Investigation targeting of racing In five years of proceedings, only | Systematic tack launched | Scheme as possite comity 1 four witnesses and two plaintifs | 39ainst the population of the | international crimes (LAR 2023, had been heard. ity of Hama. 0.86) the investigations engoing on 31 November 2000, tre | 0 HIOUS UIAR 2024p. 101) In April 2021, a fifth paint Who (Cc riod the partes ther | Ona 99PeaL had joined the case in October 2020 1 ntonded to close the case | UTKIOWN = attack on Swiss was heard by the ORG and n June on her aeaunts to Aa a | uals in Uae (LIAR 2026, the same year, one witness was | Assad's state of health would 1.107): the investigation is ongoing. heard. The investigation then | not allow him to travel to ‘continued, however at a slow pace: : Switzerland or attend his trial | only one witness. whose hearing an defend himselt. had been postponed in 2021, was heard in aren 2022. On 8 December 202. the government of Bashar al. | In early 2023, two complaints were | Assad was overthrown closed as the plaintiffs could no | 0UriNg @ major offensive by longer be reached. the Sysivn opposiism On she same day, Bashar al-Assad | In August the same year. the FCC 1 SV Rea aAseade B made pubic ts order of 19 July | tees 202210 the Federal Office of Justice © “""" to issue an international arrest warrant that had been delivered by the 0AG in November 2021 for Rifaat al-Assad. In the same order, the FCC confirmed that the Swiss authorities had jurisdiction to prosecute Rifaat al-Assad and to request his extradition to Switzerland LF . UNITED KINGDOM =_. re EW CASE! MEW chs ‘The five suspects were arrested by FIVE BRITISH SOLDIERS ish miitary police in March 2026. INVESTIGATED ON SUSPICION Coe fs recommending prosecution OF WAR CRIMES WHILE ON On murder charges were sent by senice police fo the Service SPERTIONSIN SYRIAN O22 Prosecuting Authority, the military Names withheld equivalent of the Crown Prosecution Senet emains uncertain whether Country of commission thearrests wil resultin prosecution. Syria sorisdictona basis Active personality Suspects Five British nationals, members of the Special Air Service (SAS) of the | British army 5" Country of residence of suspects United Kingdom Charges As the case is at the investigation stage. the suspects have not been formally charged. The investigation focuses on charges of murder and war crimes. Current status Under investigation Facts The case relates to the alleged murder by members of the British SAS of a suspected jhadst who was Kile in operation in Syrian 2022 The five suspects are alleged to have used excessive force in the incident. Follow-up on other cases RWANDAN NATIONAL «Vincent Bajinya, Célestin INVESTIGATED ON Ugirashebuja, Charles Munyaneza. SUSPICION OF GENOCIDE Emmanuel Ntezinayo and Célestin AND CRIMES AGAINST Motabaruka (UJAR 2022.p. 89) the HUMANITY COMMITTED investigation is ongoing INRWANDAIN 1994 « Afghan national (UMAR 2026. 5.108) theinvestigatons ongoing. Name withheld « Angolan national (UJAR 2024. 5.109% theinvestigationis angoing Country of commission + Gambian national (LIAR 202%. Rwanda 5.119) theinvestigation is ongoing + Iranian national (UJAR 2026.p. 111): Jurisdictional basis he estan songs Universal jurisdiction + Kuwait national (LIAR 2023, 9.90) — theinvestgation is ongoing Name withheld, Rwandan national + Libyan national VAR 2024p. 115) theinvestigation is ongoing Country of residence of suspect * Sf Lankan nationals (WAR 202, United Kingdom 117%: the investigation fs ongoing. + Syrian national (JAR 2026.p. 118) Charges theinvestigation is ongoing As the case is at the investigation stage. the suspect has not been coins <uructural formally charged. Tre investigation 120.0 focuses on charges of genocide and + Structural investigation in relation FI to core international crimes Under investigation committed by the former Syrian regime since 2011 (opened in Fac October 2023). The suspect is suspected of * Structural investigation in elation involvement in the 1994 genocide to core international crimes in Rwanda, committed against the Yazdis lopenedin June 2021). Procedure + Structural investigations in each of On 25 January 2024, specialist the countries under investigation officers from the Metropolitan by the ternational Criminal Court Police's War Crimes team arrested (opened in June 2023) a Rwandan man in Gateshead He was taken for questioning in Newcastle about allegations that he was involved in the 199 genocide against the Tutsi. He was subsequently released on bail while inquiries continue. The police have madi clear tha this arrest is separate fram the long- standing and on-going investigation by the same war crimes unit into five alleged genocidaires who have been inthe United Kingdom for two decades. OF AMERICA "a Facts 1 FIRST UNITED STATES. defendants were commanding FORMER SYRIAN INDICTMENT FOR VAR CRIMES 1c 1d/er il persennel NTELLIGENCE OFFIceRs ol asia ui WAR CRIMES COMMITTED I URRANE ‘operating in the Donetsk region or SHARED ITY Dmitry Budnik, Suren the Russian Armed Forces. The Jamil Hassan and Abdul Seiranovich Mirtchyan an four defendants alegedy fought Slam Mahmoud two other men known only 2022. the defendants and oynry of commision by their first names, VIEril otner sotdiers alegeaty kidnapped syria and Nazar a United States national from his home in Mylove in the KRErson gions basis Country of commission Oblast region in southern UKTaIne. ~ paccive porsonality Ukraine The defendants allegedly unlawfully confined the victim for at least cis Jurisdictional basis 10days and tortured him. including Jamil Hassan, Syrian national, Passive personality by stripping him Naked. POINtG former girector of the Syrian Air 2 gun at his head, threatening force nteligence (SAF) and Abdul Sity Budi. Suren Sefanovich him and severely beating NM. former brigadier general in SAFI Mhrtchyan, Vareri last name The defendants then regortedly sng girector of the SAFI branch in unknown) and Nazar (last name forciply transported their victim to paracee unknown). Russian nationals. miitary compound. afilated with Russian Armed eee tvs Forces and/or Russia-backed proceure (yrs ed armed groups operating in the gn § December 2023, an indictment Donetsk region was issued charging the four cy... defendants with the war crimes wor rime of cruel or inhuman Counry of residence o suspects of ymtawiul confinement of a oor Unknown protected person, torture and inhuman treatment, along with cL Charges conspiracy to commit war erimes. ng 2 cur ont location of Conspiracy to commit War The aur defendants have not been gece eH crimes; war crimes of unlawful arrested, and may not be present in confinement of a protected person. ng United States on torture. inhuman treatment SAFI was one of four intelligence These are the first-ever charges sor 10% orc Tore Syren Current status under the 1996 War Crimes Act, ogi Saf) was used by the Indicted: current location of 18U.S.Code § 2441. which provides regime to surveil, detain, abuse Suspects 4okacD criminal jurisdiction over War ng i its opponents. It controlled crimes committed extraterritorial 3 numer of detention facies and where the offender or the vitimis ect ET AUC EEE a United States national or. since fo =o %10 CER SEO the 2023 amendment o the Act, ioe ot TE TL where the offender is presen in the United States. According to the indictment, as UPCOMING TRIAL OF indictment against him Correa and director of SAFI, Jamil Hassan ALLEGED FORMER MEMBER other Junglers tortured suspected oversaw a network of detention OF THE JUNGLERS ON coup d'état participants for facilities and prisons. including SPICION OF TORTURE confessions, including by beating those located in the Mezzeh Miltary cQMMITTED IN THE GAM their victims with plastic pipes, Airport complex in Damascus, He COMMITTEDINTHE GAMBIA Lo i's anches; suftocating is alleged to have had the authority Michael Sang Correa them with plastic bags: dripping todecide who would be detained or molten plastic and acid on their released and to dictate the level of Country of commission bodies; and subjecting them to physical or mental abuse a detainee The Gambia electric shocks. received. As Hassan's subordinate, Abdul Salam Mahmoud i alleged issicionat basis In 2016, Adama Barrow defeated to have been in charge of SAFI Universal jurisdiction Jammeh in a presidential operations at the complex. {0 have election and launched the Truth implemented Hassan's instructions s,spect Reconciliation and Reparations regarding the detention and ichael Sang Correa, Gambian Commission (TRRC) to reckon treatment of detainees and to national, alleged former member ith Jammets legacy of human have had authority over other SAFI ofthe Junglers paramilitary group f19htS abuses. The TRRC issued prison personnel its findings on 26 December 2021 Country of residence of suspect and called for the prosecution of In these roles. Hassan and United States of America those most responsible for gross Mahmoud are alleged to have human rights violations and abuses been responsible for SUBIECting Charges during Jamme's rue. including detainees to physical and mental Six counts of torture and one count _ he former president and members abuse, including Whipping. of conspiracy fo commit torture. f the Junglers paramilitary unit beatings, electrocutions, burning of During the TRRC hearings in The victims with cigarettes, ot uids. cy;rent status Gamba, former members of the and acid. threatening victims ingicied, awaiting rial: detained Junlers publicly testified about with death and physical abuse. the crimes they committed under members and denying VICmS Tne Gambia was under the control (estfied that Correa personally adequate food, water and medical of Yahya. Jamme from 1994 tortured them or was present while treatment To 2016. During his dictatorship, _ other Junglrs tortured them. human righs violations, including Procedure enforced disappearances, torture, Procedure On 18 November 2026. a 9rand gy judicial kiling, sexual violence 01 17 September 2019, the United jury issued an indictment charging ang. arbitrary detention were States Department of Homeland Hossan and Mahmoud with multe ygespread. The Junglers were o Security arrested Correa in counts of the war crime of cruel gegtn squad that snswered directly Denver. Colorado for overstaying or inhuman treatment of victims 1g President samme and were his visa. Correa was placed in within ther custody or control The concidares one of the most brutal MMgration detention and removal charges relate to conduct nficted enforcement arms of Jammeh's Proceedings. He applied for asylum. on United States citizens. Syrian regime. n 2015, the United Nations _ but his application was denied in citizens, and dual national izens special rapporteur on torture January 2020. Correa appealed his detained at prisons located at the found that the Junglers carried 3SYlum denial in February 2020, Mezzeh Miltary Airport during the out the regime's most repressive and is removal from the United period of 1 January 2012 until at qbuses; arbitrary detention torture, States was stayed pending the least July 2019. On 9 December enforceq disappearance. and resolution of his appeal. 2026, the indictment was unsealed exqrajudicial king in the Northern District of lino. Following news of his detention Michael Sang Correa is alleged COrrea’s victims and a coalition In May 2026, Hassan and Mahmoud 1g. be 3 former member of the Of human rights organizations. were separately convicted in Junglers death squat. Correa and including the Center for Justice and absentia of crimes against humanity ner anglers allegedly tortured ACCountabilty. the African Network andwar crimes in France see. 36 detainees in the Mile 2 Prison and AGainst Extrajudicial Kilings, the National Intelligence Agency 3nd Enforced Disappearance, Headquarters. According to the the Gambia Center for Victims of Human Rights Violations. the | to have committed an offense | FORMER UNITED STATES Guernica Centre for International (1) in violation of 5 =tatie CONTRACTOR CONVICTED Justice, Human Rights Watch, the | implementing an international | ~ Np SENTENCED FOR Solo Sandeng Foundation and trealy which provided global | yooripe COMMITTED IN IRAQ TRIAL International. called on : notice of proscribed conduct, Bh the United States to investigate | 04/07 (2) which s universally | Ross Roggio and Roggio the credible allegations of grave : condemned such that he was. Consulting Co., LLC international crimes committegy | © nei of potential ure A found “that nexus to the pi yr 0011 hr 020 nes ies Unie Sits et eed Attorney for the District of Colorado es oodug) Jurisdictional basis announced Correa’s indictment EE ed = Dae © Active persanality under the Torture Act on Six coon wilful travel to the counts of torture and one count | TSE INNO NE | of conspiracy to commit torture. presence in this country.” | Ross Roggio. United States national; Following this announcement. : ion with one victim's US | Roggio Consulting Company, LLC the Gambian Ministry of Justice <iocnon issued a press release in support Country of residence of suspect of the indictment. Correa has pled | On 19 August 2024, Correa | yjiieq States of America not guilty to the charges against : filed a motion to dismiss him and is currently in detention | the indictment against him. | owaiing tril. In Gconer 2023 STG 1106 TASES WET 1 conn commit the United States District Court for ot timely. The court denied | 70 8 800 CREEL BEE the District of Colorado scheduled : this motion. fraud; and illegal export of goods. Correa’ ial for two weeks Sting | 39 August 2026, Less than on 16 September 2024 three weeks before Correa's | Current status {rial was scheduled to begin, | Convicted; sentenced to 70 years. EB In December 2023, Correa filed ne fied another motion to | in prison: conviction and sentence two motions challenging the | dismiss the indictment. He | under appeal indictment. He argued that the | explained that two witnesses United States Congress lacked | whose testimony he wished | fete constitutional authority to enact | to present in support of his | Roggio owns and operates Roggio the Torture Act Correaalsoargued | defense refuse 0 travel (0 | Covauting Company, LLC In 2038 thatthe prosecution of anoncizen | the United States without | pogeic Rote Ea 8 ITE for crimes committed entirely | immunity fram prosecution. | (ova 11 TH895 teRe ld within the jurisdiction of another | He argued that the United | yitcoai oxportitems and defense sovereign State violated his rights | States government's refusal | (ie furore United States to to due process. to gront immu 10 15 jr. including Mé Sol Gas Rings. rrr | tie taeraes Tan | MRE rs sang | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | : denied this motion. Ina second ut In February 2026. the court | Dn Coa sou BU ggg atagedty fated to abtain + denied both of Correa's | i 0 Ee Gambia to | the requisite licensing or written | motions challenging the | “2 UE 1 TEE BOERS | approval from the United States { indictment The court afirmed | | record ara testimony from | 00% HERE Te HOTet SNS that the US Congress has | (Ene court | United States Department f tate. mn nal neta? | granted Mr. Correa's motion, | In addition, Roggio and his firm ite Us obtiomtions ander. | | The trial is now scheduled for | allegedly committed wire fraud by | autiting Us abligations under | | The, snow sched tor | CER ELIE Tn i international treaties, such EZ - 'S i en endusers when purchasing items {as the Convention Against Sousa pms ime i Torture. The court also | pS concluded that Correa had fms ware ten seedy sent to “recaiveldl far warning thathe | Iraq where the parts were utilize a to manufacture firearms at a plant Pa) constructed and operated in part by i Roggio. Throughout this process, Roggio also allegedly laundered On 19 May 2023, a federal jury money fram Iraq to bank accounts ~ convicted Roggio of torture. in Pennsylvania conspiracy to commit torture. FORMER HEAD OF DAMASCUS conspiracy to commit an offense CENTRAL PRISON AND According to the conviction, when against the United States, exporting GOVERNOR OF DEIR E2-ZOR one of Roggio's employees raised weapons parts and services Ciuc nbn concerns about the weapons to Iraq without the approval “oN € production project in Kurdistan, of the Department of State or Samir Qusman Alsheikh Roggio ordered Kurdish soldiers the Department of Commerce. to abduct and detain the employee smuggling goods. wire fraud and Country of commission at a Kurdish military compound ~ money laundering Syria for approximately thirty-nine _ . days. While the employee was | Jurisdictional basis Getaned. Roggio allegedly led a | DEVELOPMENTS IN 2024 | yi orga jurisdiction series of interrogation sessions | On 15 April 2024. Roggio where he wrapped his belt | was sentenced to 70 years in | suspects around the employee's neck and | prison. He has appealed N's | amir Qusman Alsheikh, Syrian yanked the employee off the | conviction and sentence. The pore "ER CER BEER ground. which led the employee : appeal will be heard in 2025. contrat Prison (Adra Prison) and to lose consciousness. Roggio ‘~~~ former governor of Deir ez-Zor also directed Kurdish saldiers to suffocate the employee with a Country of residence of suspect plastic bag. shock the employee United States of America with a taser, beat the employee with rubber hoses, threaten to cut — off the employee's finger and force Torture and conspiracy to commit the employee to run barefoot over torture: fraud and misuse of visas sharp gravel. Throughout the time attempted unlawful procurement of the employee was detained at the naturalization B military compound, Roggio also repeatedly told the employee they Current status might not make it out of the military Indicted: awaiting rial detained compound alive. Facts Procedure Damascus Central Prison. On 20 March 2018, a thirty- colloquially known as Adra Prison, seven-count indictment was Wasa prison operated by the Syrian issued charging Roggio and Interior Ministry for the detention of Roggio Consulting Company, LLC political dissidents and prisoners with criminal conspiracy. money accused or convicted of other Laundering, wire fraud and illegal crimes, export of goods. On 23 March 2018. Roggio pled not guilty and The prison is reported to have was arrested. In February 2022, 2 contained a “punishment wing", superseding indictment was issued located in a below-ground also charging Roggio with torture section of the building. which and conspiracy to commit torture included small isolation cells against one of his employees in where prisoners were detained violation of Tite 18, U.S.C § 2340, in extremely cold conditions, 2340A(c). 2340A(a) and 2 alowed to wear only minimal or no clothing and were provided with inadequate or inedible food The wing also contained a room in which prisoners were interrogated and subjected to numerous forms of torture, including beatings with batons and cables. being suspended from the ceiling by their wrists for Follow-up on other cases hours, being shocked with electric prods and burned with NEated Un sayvaf (UIAR 2022, p. 94) metal rods and being Subiected pein ection loses 10 a device known as the ‘Flying Carpe, which folded prisoners bodies in half at the waist, causing excruciating pain and somatimes resulting in fractured spines. According to the indictment, in his role as head of the prison during the period 2005 to 2008, Samir Ousman Alsheikh ordered subordinates and was sometimes personally involved in interrogating and torturing prisoners in the “punishment wing’, including by beating them, suspending them from the ceiling with their arms extended and subjecting them to the Fiying Carpe. Alsheikh is reported to have immigrated to the United States in 2020 and applied for US citizenship in2023 B Procedure On 10 July 2024, Alsheikh was arrested at Los Angeles International Airport for making false statements related to his role in torture allegedly committed in Adra Prison in his applications for permanent residency and US citizenship. On 22 August 2026, he filed a request to be released from detention pending trial. The US District Court for the Central District of California denied the request and ordered he remains detained pending tial On 12 December 2026. a superseding indictment was issued charging Alsheikh with torture and conspiracy to commit torture, fraud and misuse of visas, and attempted unlawful procurement of naturalization. The charges of torture relate to his conduct as head of Adra Prison during the period 2005 to 2008. Table of * ® For defendants who were formally charged or convicted, charges are marked by 2 black symbol. * For those who have not yet been formally charged. alleged crimes are marked by a grey symbol. CHARGES ALLEGED CRIMES" comme | counmavor curmen DEeENANTIS) PROSECUTION | COMMISSION Crimes | yar Enforced | Cratus humanity | 7% arance AvaroUnbeveler Argentina Colombia . el Ie hung Sn uk unier and others [Aigeing Siysntast - N investigation 7 Undress: [rina LR . restwarane | 18 pe) Und vstter: NeeMID seria Venezuea . srestwarans | 19 Rodolfo Martinis Argentina Spin 5 Gio | Unknown members oriaChimss Argenta Chim ol oo cores oy authorities i Indicted avaitng echarger Fe] . Under wn Sagan Palestine . Gil | nde e* sagan wana . rl Emanuet . Somancaito2s Nikunduwimye Bes fwanda . ‘years in prison; Ed sak ndctecs EretGovars [Bogen Wana | 5 oa 28 pre) pr investigation nto iit Elonne Daven tron pemacati Esemdb and Jacques. Belgium Republica . Bnd 25 Brassmde prey bane 1a Buissiére ae Passed sway crarges Wossni Seg | 3re . ater | 26 nvsigaion Comite ving Martin Jomson Belgom Liers 5 | oo Cotman 27 vac anconiont Tonas Commies oman Frere Serssont | Bete meso 5 Lippi extent; Soman Contimed amen humanity | <"™¢% arance i ‘Séraphin Twahirwa Belgium Rwanda . . bd 28 Indicted; ico permis § investigation; Pasi peronsis Convicted in Hassan and Abdel France Syria . fd sentencedtolife 35 ASS ar Bua France Libya . fiveindictments ~~ 36. ! issued, two. Posi serene, investigation; scope | under BNP Paribasand France. Sudan . . . Co 38 CHARGES ALLEGED GRIMES” conmaroe | comer : consent oerenoANTIS) i i Comes Eres | CURREN PROSECUTION | COMMISSION | Goria aginst Torture | isappe- STATUS mr er acagsd. ar errr fn si Rison yous, France Syria 5 onal 39 Ama Baton Baa Arr es asim urd, ras Shaper ae Kaiamara France Liberia 5 5 aimed 4p Licoereroni | Charged ad | ronan a nari le ed ven charged oom whieunder Lolita C. rence] ris - hd investigation; ses vmimsall canal messi BE Bs ices “ Mohamattiour France | Chadand Grr | nite: P— Ham 035 prey syria 5 ia caine Cr Mbarushimana France Rwanda} ‘under appeal “ sci ern § Under Nabil Greseque France Syria hd hd investigation 4 under eet) ee esta geeesmes [ee lore oe ve, Ry incment Philippe Erdad il ln mn | 0 | oo imprint” (hippo Mane iin rare en nites: Spent amie) France Republic of . ‘awaiting trial; 49 i the Congo detained nites esa vrnnh CHARGES / ALLEGED RIMES” humanity | <™€* arance. mmm multinational Fronte] Shieal under appeal s1 sco peronsin § Indicted; awaiting ‘Sonia Mejri (Fronce: Syria . trial; detained 52 pa— Comneeito24 Some re aie al I x awaiting appeal frephin rm investigationinto France Ukraine . user ” 53 Killing of two French investigation rm Ss i. investigation into France Ukraine . br ot tic Ba fr mesgaion ns [ ici peronir § of the French France Rwanda} under appeal LL cones - a os a Rm Benth EL v L ‘years in prison; EH pe) Haan Gumany Sa 3 ra—— cones ter adatoms Germany Syn . prilseeenl a conte; CHARGES | ALLEGED CRIMES" COUNTRYOF | COUNTRY OF current oerenomnts) | CONTE | vnaesen| crimes | 0 Enforced | SURREN Pace Torture | isappe- humanity | <7 arance sad A. Mahmoud Under A. Sameer. Wael Germany Syria oe investigation: 61 Sand Mazhar J detained Eze Unknown Kling Under ofaGorman- Germany Palestine investigation 62 Palestinian family nd rknown- y Under shootingotcivilans Cermany Ukraine < investigation €3 inUkcaine Convicted: suspanded Zakaria. Germany syria . sentenceotone 63 anda halt years Convicted: acquited of Abdel 15. Germany rag eo four 64 years in prison: detained Amer. Basal. Elly Germany Syria . On rial detained 65 Convicted: Comm Syria and sentenced tofive 4 DenzB. eemany * years in prison: detained Lo | nfimedonappest Jennifer W. scrmans Rl) as = sentencedtot 68 years prison Mohammad A. and ; bess Germany Syria . Ontrat detained 67 Moustafa. Germany syria . Ontriat detained 68 Ossama A Germany syria . oe Indicted; detained 68 sentenced to RasdE. Germany Syria oe years in 0 prison; appeal dismissed Convicted: acquited of var Samrat Germany syria crimes: two-year 70 suspended jovenile sentence CHARGES / ALLEGED CRIMES" COUNTRYOF_ | COUNTRYOF — reed | CURRENT. oerenoanTis) | EXON | Cvmason ay I GE] es humanity arance wana H.5. and Syria and jw Germany 1 cl ooo Indicted detained 70 rm Boris 5. Sok, Lua Usine lo Indicted 7 Pavel. Conviction Abdul Razaq Arif Netherlands Afghanistan . appeal; acquittal 73 inder sppest fmt yada k Netherlands Syria . investgnion; 74 Ayam. Netherlands Syria . Indicted detained 74 Convict om sentenced oten Hasna Aarab. Netherlands Syria) hd yearsinprison; 7° Setained Convict: acauited of vr crimes: Krista Van T. Natiartancsl) [8479 sentenced tofour 76 B Getained Convicted Mustafa A Netherlands Syria oe pail Under appeal Under Parte Saver Nherlands | Rwanda . investigation; 77 detained Comictes acquitted of Cem war crimes: Xavier's, Netherlands Syria sentenceatossr 77 days imprison; under sppest Convict: acquited of Fo Nethertands Syria . Greed 7 Lemouesset fp 102 years imprisonment; under appest CITE Name withheld - neer Netherlands Surname . investigation; 79 Surimame-born Gress Dutch national ha ico reconie | Under Name withheld Netherlands Rwanda . investigation; 79 Dutch national detained eres | on ora] Cm | Wor |r | | Se moe humanity | <1" arance Sierra Le- investigation; Manuel Terrén SPAIN ik oe eens | 82 Ju] imprisonment; Hamid Noury. ‘Sweden Iran . Ey on 8 compo | On trial; Lina Laina Ishaq Sweden Syria - * * detained Ld i CHARGES ALLEGED GRIMES” Contes: OusmanSonko Swizeriand | The Gama 5 ee all [71 poi] icine personas y= | unte . unter Five British Kingdom Sys - investigation Pa Bn [—— unter Rwandan national Kingdom [Rwanda . . investigation 5 mr Dmitry Budnik, Intictes Sasa Unt — > reacaion 5, Mkrtchyan, Valeri inerice) | ot suspects] mmm Indicted; Abdul Salam of America SV d of suspects. * Mahmoud unknown [ nets Menanising | UNOS. 1, Go 5 att 97 Sug [ici poems, | sentenced to 70 Roggio Consulting of America "0 td conviction and * goes nets somicousman United states : sya 5 att 99 TRIAL INTERNATIONAL TRIAL International is a non-governmental organization fighting impunity for international crimes and supporting victims i their quest for justice. TRIAL International takes an innovative approach to the law, paving the way to justice for survivors of unspeakable suffering, The organization provides legal assistance, igates cases, develops local capacity and pushes the human rights agenda forward wwwirilinternationalorg B THE CENTER FOR JUSTICE AND ACCOUNTABILITY “The Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA) is a United States-based human rights organization dedicated to accountability or torture, war crimes, crimes against humanity and other grave abuses. Using innovative titigation and transitional justice strategies, CJA partners with survivors. ‘and their communities to seek truth justice and redress for atrocity. www cjaorg CIVITAS MAXIMA Civitas Maxima, based in Geneva (Switzerland) is an independent non- qovernmental organization that supports and assists forgotten victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity, helping them to obtain justice before foreign or international courts in situations where legal actions. have failed or are impossible at the domestic level. It documents crimes, initiates legal proceedings and provides assistance to judicial authorities It shares its knowledge and expertise to strengthen the capacity of civil society groups and legal practitioners. It informs the public and communities in the countries where the crimes were committed about rials and advancements in international justice. www civitas-maxima.org THE EUROPEAN CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS The European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR) is an independent, non-profit organization based in Berlin that makes use of groundbreaking strategic legal intervention to challenge impunity, injustice and human rights violations worldwide. ECCHR aims to hold the responsible state and non-state actors accountable and to bring about politcal, economic. legal and social change. In order to achieve that, ECCHR works closely with partners from around the world. www ecchr.eu ‘THE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS The International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) was established in 1922, and today unites 188 member organizations in 116 countries. around the world. It takes action to protect, support and raise the voices of human rights defenders and victims of grave abuses. through investigation. prosecution and advocacy. FIDH influences political decision- makers, intergovernmental organisations, businesses and citizens to. ensure that all civi political, economic, social, environmental and cultural rights are respected. ww figh org REDRESS REDRESS is a non-governmental organization that pursues legal claims. on behalf of survivors of torture in the United Kingdom and around the world to obtain justice and reparation for the violation of their human fights. It empowers survivors to access justice through cases against ‘governments, cil cases against individuals and cases where it advocates for aw enforcement bodies to prosecute perpetrators under the principle of universal jurisdiction. REDRESS's approach is strategic, so that as well as representing an individual i targets the policy reasons that enabled the torture to take place, by building a campaign that uses advocacy. community engagement and communications to influence change. www redress org TRIAL w & ¢ >. ¥ www.trialinternational.org Boss. OAK Riss of