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5122122. 1:11 PM WIKIPEDIA Donald Trump - Wikipedia Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree in 1968. He became president of his father Fred Trump's real estate business in 19.Thand renamed it The Trump Organization.— Trump expanded the company's operations to building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He later started side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. From 2004 to 2O15, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series The Apprentice. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six bankruptcies. Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, isolationist,, and nationalist. He won the 2O16 United States presidential election as the Republican nominee against Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton while losing the popular vote,(i becoming the first U.S. president with no prior military or government service. His election and policies sparked numerous protests. The 2017-2019 special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller established that Russia interfered in the 2016 election to benefit the Trump campaign, but not that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with Russia. Trump made many false and misleading statements during his campaigns and presidency, to a degree unprecedented in American politics, and promoted conspiracy theories, Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist, and many as misogynistic. Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted military funding towards building a wall on the U.S.—Mexico border, and implemented a policy of family separations for apprehended migrants. He signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2O12. which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the individual health insurance mandate penalty of the Affordable Care Act. He !!pointed 54 federal appellate judges and three United States Supreme Court justices. In foreign policy, Trump pursued an America First agenda, withdrawing Donald Trump Official portrait, 2017 45th President of the United States in office January 20,2017 — January 20,2021 Vice President Mike Pence Preceded by Barack Obama Succeeded by Joe Biden Personal details Born Donald John Trump June 14,1946 Queens, New York City, U.S. Political party Republican (1987-1999, 2009-2011,2012— present) Reform (1999-2001) Democratic (2001-2009) Independent (2011-2012) Other political affiliations Spouse(s) Ivan Zelniekova (m, 1977; 1992) Maria Maples (ro, 1993; My, 1999) Melanie Knauss (m, 2005) Children Donald Jr. • Ivanka • Eric • Many • Barron httpeten.wlkipedia.orgivakilDonald Trump 1/92 EFTA00263367 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia the U.S. from the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal, and initiating a trade war with China. Trump met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un three times, but made no progress on denuclearization. He reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the need for testing. Trump lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden but refused to concede, falsely claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results by pressuring government officials, mounting scores of unsuccessful legal challenges, and obstructing the presidential transition. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the Capitol, which many of them then attacked, resulting in multiple deaths and interrupting the electoral vote count. Trump is the only federal officeholder in American history to have been impeached twice. After he pressured Ukraine to investigate Biden in 2019, he was impeached by the House of Representatives for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress in December. The Senate acquitted him of both charges in February 2020. The House of Representatives impeached Trump a second time in January 2021, for incitement of insurrection. The Senate acquitted him in February, after he had already left office. Scholars and historians rank Trump as one of the worst presidents in American history.W Parent(s) Relatives ResIdence(s) Alma mater Occupation Awards Signature Website Fred Trump Mary Anne MacLeod Family of Donald Trump Palm Beach, Florida Wharton School (BS Econ.) Politician • businessman • media personality List of awards and honors Official website (https://w Presidential Library (http s://www.trum_ptibrary.gov/) White House Archives (htt ps://trumpwhitehouse.arc hives.gov/) Contents Personal life Early life Family • Religion Wealth Business career Real estate - Manhattan developments Mar-a-Lago Atlantic City casinos Golf courses — Branding and licensing Side ventures Trump University Foundation Legal affairs and bankruptcies Post-presidential investigations hfips://en.wikipeclia.orgNnki/Donald_Tromp EFTA00263368 5122/22, 1 11 PM Donald Trump -Wdopedia Investigations of Russian election interference FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations i Special counsel investigation First impeachment Impeachment trial in the Senate 2020 presidential election Claims of voting fraud, attempt to prevent presidential transition Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action 2021 Capitol attack Second Impeachment Post-presidency (2021-present) !public prpfile Approval ratings and scholar surveys Social media Relationship with the press False statements Promotion of conspiracy theories Racial views Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct Incitement of violence Popular culture Notes References Works cited External links Personal life Early life - Calnel 'ONG "To t4E.v4 tOteK Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens in New York City,[~1JI the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. Trump grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth, and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade [41[5][6] At age 13, he was enrolled at the New York_Military Academy, a private boarding school,L71 and in 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University. Two years later, he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in May 1968 with a B.S. in economics.18.19] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records 1101 Trump at the New York Military Academy in 1964 httpslien.wikipedia.orgfriiki/Donald_Trump EFTA00263369 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - WiMpedie While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments during the Vietnam War era. 111 In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve M. In October 1968, he was classified 1-Y, a conditional medical deferment,('- and in 1972, he was reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, permanently disqualifying him from service.M Family In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelniaarra.1151 They have three children, Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988 1-1§1 The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress Marla MaplesP73 He and Maples have one daughter, Tiffany (born 1993). 1$ They married in 1993, separated in 1997, and divorced in 1999.119.1 Tiffany was raised by Marla in California. 2O In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss. 21 They have one son, Barron (born 2006).0 Melania gained-U.S. citizenship in 2006.t2-3.1 Religion Trump went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens 12x11251 In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church.(24261 The pastor at Marbles Norman Vincent PealejA ministered to the family until his death in 1993.126i Trump has described him as a mentorj&7i In 2015, the church stated that Trump was not an active member.(25] In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public Liaison. gl In 2020, he said he identified as a non-denominational Christian.ini Wealth In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His losses in the 1980s dropped him from the list between 1990 and 1995.Eagl After filing mandatory financial disclosure forms with the FEC in July 2015, he announced a net worth of about $10 billion. Records released by the FEC showed at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilitiessig Forbes estimated his net worth at $4.5 billion in 2015 and $3.1 billion in 2off3.LV1 In its 2021 billionaires ranking, it was $2.4 billion (1,299th in the world), making him one of the wealthiest officeholders in American hi at .[33] Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "John Barron" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984341 Trump has often said hetegan his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.[ 35) He was a millionaire by age eight, borrowed at least $6o million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and received another $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's company.(361[37] In 2018, he and his family were reported to have committed tax fraud, and the New York tax department began investigating.10) His investments underperformed the stock and New York property markets.[3001 Forbes estimated in October 2018 that his net worth declined from $4.5 billion in 2015 to $3.1 billion in 2017 and his product licensing income from $23 million to $a https://en.wlkipedia.orgAviki/Donald_Trump 5/92 EFTA00263370 5/22/22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - Vilkipedia Contrary to his claims of financial health and business acumen, Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion. The losses were higher than those of almost every other American taxpayer. The losses in 1990 and 1991, more than $25o million each year, were more than double those of the nearest losers. In 1995, his reported losses were $915.7 million kg-433 Over twenty years, Trump lost hundreds of millions of dollars and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income. His income mainly came from his share in The Apprentice and businesses in which he was a minority partner, and his losses mainly from majority- owned businesses. Much income was in tax credits for his losses, which let him avoid annual income tax payments or lowered them to $750. In the last decade, he balanced his businesses losses by selling and borrowing against assets, including a $rno million mortgage on Trump Tower (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds. He personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due by 2024.E As of October 2020, Trump has over $1 billion in debts, secured by his assets. He owed $64o million to banks and trust organizations, including Deutsche Bank, UBS, and Bank of China, and approximately $450 million to unknown creditors. The value of his assets exceeds his debt.145-i Business career Trump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fand of Saudi Arabia In 1985, with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan 41 Real estate Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[441(47-1 In 1971, he became president of the compry and began using The Trump Organization as an umbrella brand!. 81 Manhattan developments Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trumpa91 who also, jointly with Hyatt, guaranteed a $70 million in bank construction financing.159-1 The hotel reopened in 198o as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,r511 and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan. 1511 The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Corporation and Trump's PAC and was Trump's primary residence until 2o19.1531[54) In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.1551 In 1995, Trump sold the Plaza Hotel along with Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan https://en.wikipedia.mgMlIci/Donald_Trump EFTA00263371 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump VVildpedia most of his properties to pay down his debts, including personally guaranteed loans, allowing him to avoid personal insolvency. 11571 In 1996, Trump acquired the mostly vacant 71-story skyscraper atao Wall Street, later also known as the Trump Building, and renovated it. ] In the early 19905, Trump won the right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South [59-I Mar-a-Lago In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Fbrida.fa0 In 1995, he converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues. He continued to use a wing of the house as a private residence.M In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.(541 Atlantic City casinos In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza, a hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey, with financing and management help from the Holiday Corporation1-611 It was unprofitable, and Trump paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole contro1.0-31 Trump had earlier bought a hotel and casino in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. On completion in 1985, it became Trump Castle. His wife Ivana managed it unti11988.[64][651 Trump bought a third Atlantic City venue in 1988, the Trump Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal In Tai_Mahal. It was financed with $675 million in 'rink bonds and completed for $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990. " It went bankrupt in 1989.E Reorganizing left him with half his initial stake and required him to personally guarantee future performance.W To reduce his $900 million of personal debt, he sold his failing Trump Shuttle airline, his megayacht, the Trump Princess, which had been leased to his casinos and kept docked, and other businesses.1221 In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[Thl THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and went bankrupt in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with 10 percent ownership. M He remained chairman until 2009.EZ31 Golf courses Atlantic City The Trump Organization began building and buying golf courses in 1999,4] It owns fourteen and manages another three Trump-branded courses worldwide as of July 2020P4l[75] Trump visited a Trump Organization property on 428 (nearly one in three) of the 1461 days of his presidency and is estimated to have played 261 rounds of golf, one every 5.6 days.1 1 Branding and licensing htipsfien.wikipedia.orglwiki/Oonald_Trump 7192 EFTA00263372 5/2222, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia The Trump name has been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishing,sP7][781 According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies.(7-9-1 By zoi8, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.L7-7-1 Side ventures Trump and New Jersey Generals quarterback Doug Flutie at a 1985 press conference in the lobby of Trump Tower In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the NFL for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.[80][8]. Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic city elszio31 In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an races such as the Tour de France or the Giro attempt to create an American equivalent of European (134i From 1986 to 1988, Trump purchased significant blot of shares in various public companies while su estin that he intended to take over the company and then sold his shares for a profita leading some observers to think he was engaged in greenmaiLM The New York Times found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".M In 1988, Trump purchased the Eastern Air Lines Shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.1861 In 1992, Trump, his siblings Maryanne, Elizabeth, and Robert, and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units and then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20-50 percent and more. The owners shared the proceeds generated by the markupsi371[§71 The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units J371 Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss USA and Miss Teen USA.L881[891 Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both pageants to NBC in 2002 [9°1(911 In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe. 19A NBC and Univision dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015.91 Trump University haps://en.wikipediaorgivaki/Donald_Trurnp EFTA00263373 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedid In 2004, Trump co-founded True ip University, a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.1241 After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 20105151 In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.(9111 In addition, two class actions were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.[ME981[991 Shortly after he won the 2016 presidential election, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.[Aal Foundation The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988i1011[1021 In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.1g11 1 The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups LL.1 In.gsSTIte Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several tential le al and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion-M-5' - Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York[io6II1o7] Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.[1°8] In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.Em9X"(0 In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaigniu2K113] Legal affairs and bankruptcies Fixer Roy Cohn served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 197os and 1.98osil-41 According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship. 11 In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the United States government for $100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump and Cohn lost that case when the countersuit was dismissed and the government's case went formard.12-;51 In 1975, an agreement was struck -requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, amoniathings.I21-63 Cohn introduced political consultant Rorer Stone to Trump, who enlisted services to deal with the federal government. As of November 20164 Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Todd. us While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter it bankruptcy protection six times between 1991 and 2009 11 They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties. 11 https.11en.wilupedia.orgNnkdDonald Trump EFTA00263374 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedla During the 19805, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion, 12° but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 19905, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money. 121 After the 2021 United States Capitol attack, the bank decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.l12z1 In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to prevent the disclosures.11231D.M1 In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,112-5-1 and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New York ruled that the banks must also comply.tmeninj Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,t1281 arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".J1~91(13°1 Post-presidential investigations Since leaving the presidency, Trump has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, announced a criminal probe into Trump's phone calls to Brad Raffensperger.P34 Separately, the New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting civil and criminal investigations into Trump's business activities, the criminal investigation in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorneys Office. L311 By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments 1133.111341 On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges 5135X1361 In December 2021, the New York State Attorney General's office subpoenaed Trump to produce documents related to the businessi131 On April 25, 2022, New York state judge Arthur Engoron held Trump in contempt of court for failing to comply with the subpoena. He imposed a fine of $10,000 per day until he complies.D38-1 Media career 4-Books Using ghostwriters Trump has produced up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics under his nameP391 His first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was a New York Times Best Seller. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was written by Tony SchwartzSiritil According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon "[M21 Trump has called the volume his second favorite book, after the Bibleflill Film and television Trump made cameo appearances in many films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.1a Trump had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE since the late is8os.11431 He appeared at WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2010,1441 hnps//en.wikipedia.org/wikilDonald_Trump 10/92 EFTA00263375 Trump and President Bill Clinton in June 2000 5122/22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - WIldpedia Starting in the 19905, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard Stern Show.D45] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trul=l (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 20081 From 2O11 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on Fox & Friendso3F491 From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. On The Apprentice, Trump played the role of a chief executive, and baseball game in 2009 contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. On The Celebrity Apprentice, celebrities competed to win money for charities. On both shows, Trump eliminated contestants with the catchphrase 'You're fired "I-5-1 o Trump at a New York Mets Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from the Screen Actors Guild in February 2O21 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021, mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists."Eb511 Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.(~521 Pre-presidential political career Trump's political party affiliation changednumerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987,L _ a member of the Independence Part, the New York state affiliate of the Reform Party, in 1999,[154-1 a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, unaffiliated in 2011, and a Republican in 2O12.(153) In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,(155-1 expressing his views on foreign policy and on how to eliminate the federal budget deficit.(L50 He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.('55) 2000 presidential campaign and 2011 hints at presidential run In woo, Trump ran in the California and Michigan primaries for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the 2000 United States presidential election but withdrew from the race in February zoo0.115-11110-115-91 A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven percent supportitl° In 2O11. Trump speculated about running against President Barack Obama in the 2O12 election, making his first speaking appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.E163.11621 In May 2011, he announced he would not run, i6' and he endorsed Mitt Romney in February 2O12.i6 Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.11 1 Trump speaking at CPAC 2011 https://en.wikipedia.orgtwiki/Donald_Trump 11/92 EFTA00263376 5.'22,22 ". ". PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia 2016 presidential campaign Trump's fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries. 16 He adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole", coined by his ghostwriter Tony Schwartz, to describe his public speaking style.114°I1661 His campaign statements were often opaque and suggestive,[ 1-q1 and a record number of them were false.E1681['69][ml The Los Angeles Times wrote, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has 41711172] Trump said he disdained political coiseetuess and frequently made claims of media bias.D73X1741 Trump announced his candidacy in June 2013.(i75][1761 His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.L271 He became the front-runner in March 2016.1178] After a landslide win in Indiana in May, Trump was declared the presumptive Republican norninee.11al Hilla!y Clinton led Trump in national polling averages throughout the campaign but in early July her lead narrowed [1843]E18ti In mid-July Trump selected Indiana March 2016. governor Mike Pence as his vice presidential running mate,Mg and the two were officially nominated at the 2016 Republican National Convention.[' M Trump and Clinton faced off in three presidential debates in September and October 2016. Trump twice refused to say whether he would accept the result of the election. 1 Trump campaigning in Arizona, Campaign rhetoric and political positions Trump's political positions and rhetoric were right-wing populist [1851[186] 1s Politico described them as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory", quoting a health care policy expert at the American Enterprise Institute as saying that his political positions were "a total random assortment of whatever plays publicly."[! ] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign. i8 Trump helped bring far-right fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream, pandered to white supremacists,L194 retweeted racist Twitter accounts,fai and repeatedly refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan (KICK) or white supremacists.(193] After a public uproar, he disavowed Duke and the ICKKE'941 In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon, the executive chairman of Breitbart News—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO [- Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.-China relations and free trade agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.—Mexico border. Other campaign positions included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. He advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countriest1961 to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He described NATO as "obsolete" fts7l[198) hapsfien.wikipedia.orgArriki/Donald_Trump 12/92 EFTA00263377 5/22/22,1:11 PM Donald Trump. Wildparia The alt-right movement coalesced around and supported Trump's candidacy, due in part to its 19911200112m] Duke enthusiastically supported opposition to multiculturalism and immigration.I Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back" 1202)12031 In an interview after the election, Trump said that he did not want to "energize the group" and that he disavowed them.[204][2°5] Financial disclosures Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.f31X206 Trump did not release his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2013 to do so if he ran for office.(12O12S He said his tax returns were being audited, and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.(2°91 After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the Manhattan district attorney for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the United States Supreme Court, in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released 211_ to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury!"10 lr I In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.E2'21 Election to the presidency On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged 6 16 Kr 20 electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides. 21 Trump received nearly 6 0 2011a 185 eel I 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which 6 made him the fifth person to be elected president while losing the popular vote.ig-4-1 , CT Orwell Trump's victory was a political upset.LaW Polls had i e DINS OtoadisS EMS!. ELIAS'S consistently shown Clinton with a nationwide— 2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304-227 though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.L4 6-1 Trump won 3o states; included were Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been part of what was considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 199Os. Clinton won 20 states and the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of an undivided Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of Congress. ggi Trump was the oldest person to take office as president at the time of his inauguration Eal§1 He is also the first resident who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president. 21# Trump's election victory sparked numerous protests.(22(12211 On the clay after Trump's inauguration, estimated 2 6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, M., protested against Trump in the Women's Marches.—[222] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[) https://en.wikipedia.orgAviki/Donald_Trump 13/92 EFTA00263378 5/22/22. 1 .11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Presidency (2017-2021) Early actions Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City policy, authorizing the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.121-4.1 Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectivelyi?2511?- 26,1 Conflicts of interest Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017 Trump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric ..2271.2031 and Donald Jr, and a business associate.[ 2271[2! ] However Trump continued to profit from his businesses ni and continued to have knowledge of how his administration's policies affected his businessesPAg Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.C12-9-1 Trump was sued for violating the Domestic and Foreign Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution,1~3°l marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.1-3 2 0)(231] The, plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence hill:L[230][ 911DM Trump called the clause "phony".[2331[229) After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.(2341 Domestic policy Economy Trump took office at the height of the longest economic expansion in American history,I2351 which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the COVID-19 recession began.[236] In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses an& individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2O25, and eliminated the Affordable Care Act's individual requirement to obtain health insurance [2371(;IN The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6% lower than projected. 12391 hilps://en.wikipedia.org/wikilDonald_Trump 14192 EFTA00263379 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump approved large increases in government spending and the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 5o percent, to nearly $1 trillion in 2O19.124°1 Under Trump, the U.S. national debt increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75 trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. debt-to-GDP ratio also hit a post-World War II high.EMI1 Trump also failed to deliver the $1 trillion infrastructure spending plan he had campaigned on.IM?1 Trump is the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce, by 3 million, than when he took office.12351 Energy and climate - 065112.0crt eate‘fteR Trump speaks to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017 Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.L245X2441 He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.(~451 In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.[2461 Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing, &juin& in the Arctic Refuge.12471 Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of fossil fuels; 124811249) under Trump, natural gas expanded, but coal continued to decline.[25O25O Deregulation On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13774 which directed that for every new repletion administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination".1252] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups5253] Trump_ dismantled many federal regulations on health, labor, and the environment, among other topic.si2541 Trump signed 4 Congressional Review Act resolutions repealing federal regulations, among them a bill that made it easier for severely mentally ill persons to buy guns.12551 During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations,12561 often "made after requests by the regulated industries "(~57) Health care During his campaign, Trump vowed to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act (ACA).E2581 In May 2017, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed a bill to repeal the ACA in a party-line vote but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.1259)1260) Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through Executive Orders 13760-11 and 138135gli Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.E2602641 The 2017 tax bill signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's individual health insurance mandate in 2019,12651 and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed https://ennalpedle.org/viikUDonald_Trump 15/92 EFTA00263380 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia the Cadillac plan tax.12661[2671 Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;116 1 13 in fact, the Trump administration joined a lawsuit seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.[269127o) If the lawsuit had succeeded, it would have eliminated health insurance coverage for up to 23 million Americans.12691 During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs [IN Trump's policies in response to the opioid epidemic were widely criticized as ineffectual and harmful. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a new record of 50,052 deaths in 20193~7~1 Social issues Trump said in 2016 that he was committed to appointing "pro-life" justices, pledging to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn Roe v. Wade.tml He also said he supported "traditional marriage" but considered the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled" issue;[-2-74/ in ;March 2017, his administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.12751 Trump said he is opposed to gun control in general, although his views have shifted over time3~761 After several mass shootings during his term, he said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019 [2771 His administration took an anti- marijuana position, revoking Obama-era policies that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.12781 Under Trump, the federal government executed is prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined and after a 17-year moratorium 12791 In _ 4. 2016 Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as waterboardine 2 0 2$11 but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary James Mattis. 2821 Pardons and commutations Most of Trump's pardons and commutations were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.12831 In his term, Trump sidestepped regular Department of Justicejrocedures for considering pardons; instead he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities.12831 From 2017 to 2019, the pardons included former Arizona sheriff Joe Arpaio;[2841 former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who was convicted of taking classified hotographs of classified areas inside a submarine;[2851 and rip.A± v pg commentator Dinesh [ 36-1 Following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian, Trump commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, who had been convicted of drug trafficldng.LA28 Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American servicemen convicted or accused of committing war crimes in Afghanistan or Iraq.i288,1 In November and December 2020, Trump pardoned four Blackwater erivate security contractors convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 Nisour Square massac ;[2891 white-collar criminals Michael Milken and Bernard Kerik;[29°1 and daughter Ivanka's father-in-law Charles KusImeri284 He also pardoned five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in ,the 2016 presidential elections: Michael Flynn, George Papadopoulos, Alex van der Zwaan,12891 Roger Stone, whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July, and Paul Manafort.129'1 hups:hen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald Trump 16192 EFTA00263381 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia In his last full day in office, Trump granted 1.4.3 pardons and commutations; those receiving pardons include Steve Bannon, Trump fundraiser Elliott Broidy and three former Republican congressmen.CW Amongst those to receive sentence commutation were former Detroit mayor and Democrat Kwame Kilpatrick and sports gambler Billy Walters; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney John M. Dowd to plead his case with TrtunO292j Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles, stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from Lafayette Square, outside the White HouseS293112-941 Trump then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church, where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos (2931[295] Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt". 2-1 Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itsel[MI Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.1?2§] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark A. Milky, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics" (?-221 Trump and group of officials and advisors on the way from White House complex to St. John's Church Immigration Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build a wall on the Mexico—United States border to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it:CPO He pledged to deport millions of illegal immigrants residEg in the United States, O1 and criticized birthright citizenship for incentivizing "anchor babies" u021 As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born American.1.02-3) Trump attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including implementing harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.W4][3°51 From 2018 onwards, Trump deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.—Mexico border,l3o6 to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the public charge rule to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.13°71 Trump has reduced the number of refugees admitted into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was iio,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal yearia°81139-1 Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits DA Travel ban httpsiten.wlkipedla.oraNaki/Donald_Trump 17/92 EFTA00263382 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - W9888894 Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.13111 He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism".1312) On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of refugees for no days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning (3133 Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.E3143 Multiple legal challenges were filed against the order, and a federal judge blocked its implementation nationwide.r3'51 On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, but was again blocked by federal judges in three states.13A1 In a decision in June 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".(3171 The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017, which restricted travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further banned travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials. i8 After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,(3191 and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.13-1 20 Family separation at border Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the Ursula detention facility in McAllen, Texas, June 2018 The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.—Mexico border while attempting to enter the U.S, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2o17.(32'113223 In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "zero tolerance" policy whereby every adult suspected of illegal entry would be criminally prosecuted.1323-1 This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors [3241 Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.(3253 The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.13~51[30j Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.(327j[3281ag9) https:lien.wiltipedia.org/wiki/Donaldjrump 18/92 EFTA00263383 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child. [33°' [3:311 On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;[3~1 the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.Wal Despite the federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separationi, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.3~~1 Trump wall and government shutdown • I One of Trump's central campaign promises was to build a 1,000- mile border wall to Mexico and have Mexico pay for it.f3341 By the end of his term, the U.S. had built "40 miles of new primary wall and 33 miles of secondary wall" in locations where there had been no barriers and 365 miles of primary or secondary border fencing replacing dilapidated or outdated barriers.E335] In 2018, Trump refused to extend government funding unless Congress allocated $5.6 billion in funds for the border wall,[43-0 resulting in the federal government partially shutting down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019, the longest U.S. government shutdown in historyillangl Around 800,000 government employees were furloughed or worked without pay. 9) Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided delayed payments to government workers but no funds for the wall.(3371 The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the Congressional Budget Office.E3A'S About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.(3411 To prevent another imminent shutdown in February 2019, Congress passed and Trump signed a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of bollard border fencing. (3421 Trump also declared a National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States, intending to divert $6.1 billion of funds Congress had allocated to other purposes 13421 The House and the Senate attempted to block Trump's national emergency declaration, but there were not enough votes for a veto override.[343] Legal challenges of the fund diversions resulted in $2.5 billion of wall funding originally meant for the Department of Defense's drug interdiction efforts being approved and $3.6 billion originally meant for military construction being blocked.L1±0 Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa. California. Foreign policy Trump described himself as a "nationalist"r3451 and his foreign policy as "America First".1340[347) He espoused isolationistoon-interventionist, and protectionist views. 134-9? His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of populist, neo-nationalist and authoritarian governments. o1 Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,) 7l a lack of a consistent foreign policy, 11 and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies Trump questioned the need for NATO, ID criticized the U.S.'s NATO allies, and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from the alliance [35313541 hltpsitenmikipedia.orgiwki/DonaldTrump 19/92 EFTA00263384 Donald Trump - Wildpedia &22122, 1:11 PM Trade Trump is a skeptic of trade liberalization, adopting these views in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2o15. [ 61 He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,(71 imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,(358) and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.E3591 While Trump said that import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury, they are paid by American companies that import goods from China.D&I Although he pledged during the campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large trade deficits, the deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration. 61 Following a 2017-2018 renegotiation, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) became effective in July 2O2O as the successor to NAFTA.1362J China Trump and Xi Jinping at 2018 G20 Summit. Trump with the other G7 leaders at the 45th summit in France, 2019 Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.LS') As president, Trump launched a trade war against China that was widely characterized as a fai17--Lewb641116i 1366i sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran;[367] significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars; L31 and classified China as a currency manipulator.E3691 Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of Chinese Communist Para leader Xi Jinping,r3M which was attributed to trade war negotiations with the leaderianK372] After initially praising China for its handling of the CO'VID-12 pandemic,[3731 he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March 20265324J Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the northwestern Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.13751 In July 2020, the Trump administration imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million of the country's Uyghur Muslim ethnic minority.[376.1 Saudi Arabia Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and in 2017 signed a silo billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia Lyn In 2018, the USA provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.l378DM Following the 2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities, which the U.S. and Saudi Arabia blamed on Iran, Trump approved the deployment of 3,000 additional U.S. troops, including fighter squadrons, two Patriot batteries, and a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD), to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. 80l Israel httpsfien.wiltipeclia.orgiviiki/Donald_Trump EFTA00263385 5!22!22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wildpedia Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahuiell Under Trump, the U.S. recognized Jerusalem as the ca ital of IsraelULL21 and Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights, 1 leading to international condemnation including from the United Nations General Assembly, the European Union and the Arab Leaguti384.085.1 Afghanistan U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,[380 reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in AfghanistanAM In February 2O2O, the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban, which called for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies" and for the U.S. to seek the release of 5,000 Taliban imprisoned by (388][3139][39o] the Afghan government. By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating Al-Qaeda members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.[39°] Syria Trump, King Selman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi Arabia U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meeting with Taliban delegation in Qatar in September 2020 Trump ordered missile strikes in April 2O17 and in April 2018 against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the Khan Shaykhun and Douma chemical attacks, respectively.[S9'1[392] In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.(393113941 The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s Kurdish allies who played a key role in fighting ISIS.f3951 One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.[3963 In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdogan, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area, and Turkey invaded northern Syria, attacking and displacini American-allied Kurds in the area. b-V-1 Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 6o, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".139814-ni Iran After an Iranian missiles test on January 29, 2017, and Houthi attacks on Saudi warships, the Trump administration sanctioned 12 companies and 13 individuals suspected of being involved in Iran's missile program. -41A In May 2018, Trump withdrew the United States from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the 2015 agreement between Iran, the U.S., and five other countries that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for Iran agreeing to restrictions on its nuclear programfroilko21 Analysts determined Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon since the withdrawal.rag' htips://en.wikipedia.orgNikt/Donald_TruMp 21/92 EFTA00263386 5/22122. 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia In January 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general and Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani, Iraqi 212pular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mandi al- Muhandis, and eight other people. ad Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran retaliated.(4°51 Several days later, Iran retaliated with a ballistic missile strike against two U.S. airbases in Iraq and accidentally shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 after takeoff from Tehran airport.[4°61031 Trump downplayed the severity of the missile strike and the brain injuries sustained by service members, denying them Purple Heart awarcls.EM10 In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to trigger a mechanism that was part of the agreement and would have led to the return of a sanctions against Iran.(4°81 North Korea In 2017, when North Korea's nuclear weapons were increasingly seen as a serious threat14091 Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen" (410[414 In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong-unfool[412] After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship [4131[414] Trump meets Kim Jong-un at the Singapore summit, June 2018 Trump met Kim three times: in Singapore in 2018, in Hanoi in 2019, and in the Korean Demilitarized Zone in 2019.1415J Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or to set foot on North Korean soil.1¢1151 Trump also lifted some U.S. sanctions against North Korea. 16 However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,1417) and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day./418] While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.I4-9 1[42oi Russia The Trump administration "water[edl down the toughest penalties the U.S. had imposed on Russian entities" after its 2014 annexation of Crimea.! 21 1 Trump withdrew the U.S. from the Intermediate-fieNuclear Forces Treaty, citing alleged Russian non-compliance 42;31 and supported a potential return of Russia to the G7.1424.1 Trump repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian resident Vladimir Putin but opposed some actions of the Russian government 4271[4281 After he met Putin at the Helsinki Summit in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2O16 presidential election, rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies [4291[43°J[431J Trump did not discuss alleged Russian bounties offered to Taliban fighters for attacking American soldiers in anistan with Putin, saying both that he doubted the intelligence and that he was not briefed on it. Putin and Trump shaking hands at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019 haps://en.vrikipedia.orgAraki/Donald_Trump 22/92 EFTA00263387 5/22/22,1:11 PM Donald Trump. %%podia Personnel The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned 14331 As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had leftf4341 and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.(435.1 Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.14361 Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary Sean Spiceriag Close personal aides to Trump including Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee, and Keith Schiller quit or were forced out 1431 Some, including Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.(438] Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.14391 Trump had four White House chiefs of staff, marginalizing or pushing out severa1. 1 Reince Priebus was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general John F. KellyiSi ely - resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him [442] Kelly was succeeded by Mick Mulvaney as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by Mark Meadows.[44c4 On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails, Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comes, earlier.(4431 At a private conversation in February, Trump said he hoped Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.14441 In March and April, Trump asked Comey to "lift the cloud impairing his ability to act" by saying publicly that the FBI was not investigating him.1-444Haas] Two of Trump's 15 original Cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.1446X43n In 2018, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned amid multiple investigations into their conduct.(4471[441-3] Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.[4491 By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).[422] Judiciary After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018".a5-1-1 At the end of the Obama presidency, los judgeships were vacant.(4521 Trump appointed 226 Article III federal judges, including 54 federal appellate judges E4533[454][455] Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, rapidly confirmed Trump's judicial appointees, shifting the federal judiciary to the right.r454E4561 The appointees were overwhelm' y white men and younger on average than the appointees of Trump's predecessors. Many were affiliated with the Federalist Society.(456114571 httpsfien.wikipedia.orghaiki/Donald_Jrump EFTA00263388 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wilopedia Trump appointed three justices to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. In 2016, Senate Republicans had taken the unprecedented step of refusing to consider Obama's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016, arguing that the seat should not be filled in an election year. Gorsuch was confirmed to the seat in 2017 in a mostly party-line vote of 54-45, after Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" (a historic change to Senate rules removing the 6o-vote threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations) to defeat a Democratic ffiibuster.14583 Trump nominated Kavanaugh in 2018 to replace retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy; the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50-48, after a bitter confirmation battle centered on Christine Blasey Ford's allegation that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape her when they were teenagers, which Kavanaugh denied.(459) Five weeks before the November.2020 election, Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Eight days before the election, after 6o million Americans had already voted, Senate Republicans confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court without any Democratic votes. Many observers strongly criticized the confirmation, arguing that it was a gross violation of the precedent Republicans set in 2016.14(il° As president, Trump disparaged courts and judges whom he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned about the effect of Trump's statements on the judicial independence and public confidence in the judiciary.(46i1(4621.[4!3J COVID-19 pandemic Trump and his third Supreme Court nominee, Amy Coney Barrett. In December 2019, COVID-19 erupted in Wuhan, China; the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread worldwide within weeks.C46411461Whe first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 2o, 20205410 The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary Alex Mar on January 31, 2020.E-411 Trump's public statements on COVID-19 were at odds with his private statements. In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control", and would soon be over. k6 18 At the same time he acknowledged the opposite in a private conversation with Bob Woodward. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down" in public so as not to create panic.114§11[470 Initial response Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.(4713[472] Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and politicil considerations of the outbreak.E4731 By mid-March, most global financial markets had severely contracted in response to the emerging pandemiej4741 Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that vaccine development would take 12-18 mond-0 :053 Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.(4N htlpsfien.wildpedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump 24/92 EFTA00263389 5/22/22,1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wlldpedla On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental ro riations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies. 477] On March ii, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic,[4641 and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.[4711 That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.I4791 On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up federal resources.I48°J In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated United States Agency for International Development's PREDICT program, a $200 million epidemiolopical research program initiated in $.2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroadJ48'114821 The program trained scientists in ,sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics, One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.L48314841 On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration to the United States.[4851 In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership. 86 White House Coronavirus Task Force Trump established the White House Coronavirus Task Force on January 29, 2020.[4871 Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,[488] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatmentsj4891 Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced the press.W1114911 On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur. His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.1492] [42g4941 By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the World Health Organization (WHO)1495] By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of his daily press briefings, with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false statements from 'Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his White House Coronavirus Task Force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator Deborah Bin and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony S. Fatici". 1 The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;1 the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.“98114993 Trump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the White House Coronavirus Task Force on March 15, 2020 https://en.wikipedia.orgiwiki/Donald_Trump 25192 EFTA00263390 5/22/22.1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.15°°3 By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.i5m1 World Health Organization Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid. D2 His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half .(5°21 In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandernic.(502][5o3K50.1] He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.15° Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic Esoasost5o6) In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021 Esoslis04) The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted", "senseless", and "dangerous" .15° Poland's president Andrzej Duda visited the White House on June 24, 2020, the first foreign leader to do so since the start of the pandemic. Testing In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad" .(5°7115-2-§1 The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the. virus.15°9][514 In August 2020 the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test". The change in guidelines was made by HHS _political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.) PIE5121 The day after this political interference was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested [s121 Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdownprotests against the measures state governments were taldng to combat the pandemiiP Trump encouraged the protests on Twittertissi even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reorwning.(20 In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor Brian Kemp's -plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.lsi71 Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy [se] Trump often refused to wear a face mask at public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public[519) and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus WSJ By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; Mtps://en.vrikipedla.orgivriki/Donald_Trump 2692 EFTA00263391 5/2222.1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.15--) 20 Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.15'O52ca Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless".1-52'1[52?-1 He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases 15231 Political pressure on health agencies Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,f5"1 such as approving unproven treatment:0241525i or speeding up the approval of vaccinesi52-51 Trump administration_political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.E526lisn] Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "deee. state" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.L524-i Outbreak at the White House Trump boards helicopter for COVID- 19 treatment on October 2, 2020 Trump discharged on October 5, 2020. from Walter Reed National Military Medical Center On October 2, 2020, Trump tweeted that he had tested positive for COVID-19.15291[5313] His wife, their son Barron, and numerous staff members and visitors also became infected.01) 11512j. Later that day Trump was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, reportedly due to labored breathing and a fever. He was treated with antiviral and experimental antibody drugs and a steroid. He returned to the White House on October 5, still struggling with the disease.(5331 During and after his treatment he continued to downplay the virus.153'1 In 2021, it was revealed that his condition had been far more serious; he had dangerously low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case of the disease.i5P-1 Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.1534) Democratic challenger Joe Biden sought to make the pandemic the central issue of the election.l s1 Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response-E53±11 and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an I. ABC News poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.W6J In the final https://en.wikipedia.orghtiki/Donald_Trump 27192 EFTA00263392 5/22/22. 1:11 PM Donald Trump- Wdopedia months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths [5371 A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.M Anvestigations After he assumed the presidency, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable foundation.15391 There were 3o investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve Congressional investigations.15421 Hush money payments During the 2016 presidential election campaign, American Media, Inc. (AMI), the parent company of the National En vi ker,l5411 and a company set up by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid flayboy model Karen McDougal and adult film actress Stormy Daniels for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 200a1542i Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election [Mal Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017J-54454,51 Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 201.4.15±10 Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.711541 Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,1501 but the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments= and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns = Investigations of Russian election interference In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented by the Director of National Intelligence—jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Tnunp.=1553.) In March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts "15541 The links between Trump associates and Russian officials were widely reported by the press.[55515561 One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to ..help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, were connected to Russian officials. 81[559) Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.156°) Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particular l Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election. 61 62 on December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that https://en.wthipedia.org/wiki/DonaldTrump EFTA00263393 5/22t22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.15631 Trump told Kislyak and Sergei Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[5641 Trump and his allies promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to frame Ukraine.(5651 After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second, that CrowdStrike, the company that investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian- owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.15661 FBI Crossfire Hurricane and 2017 counterintelligence investigations The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in July 2016 during the campaign season. After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and business dealings with Russia. Crossfire Hurricane was folded into the Mueller investigation, but deputy attorney general Rod Rosenstein ended the other investigation while giving the bureau the false impression that Mueller would pursue it.E-567][5681 4Speclal counsel Investigation In May 2017, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a former director of the FBI, special counsel for the Department of Justice (DOJ) ordering him to "examine 'any links and/or coordination between the Russian government' and the Trump campaign." He privately told Mueller to restrict the investigation to criminal matters "in connection with Russia's 2016 election interference The special counsel also investigated whether Triunp's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice[569] and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China. 221 Trump denied collusion between his campaign and the Russian government.1-5711 He sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.L5721 He bemoaned the recusal of Attorney General Sessions on Russia matters, stating that Sessions should have stopped the investigationAal In March 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General William Barr.15241 Two days later, Barr sent a letter to Congress purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr had mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions, confusing the public.[5753[5761571 Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation exonerated him; the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate him.Ligl A redacted version of the report was publicly released in April 2019. It found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[5791 Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference:N- 8°115-8S The report revealed sweeping Russian interference[58'] and detailed how Trtun and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing they would politically benefit (5821 8 hnps:ilen.wikipedia.orghviki/Donald_Trump 29192 EFTA00263394 5/22/22, 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia The report also detailed multiple acts of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but opted not to make any "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a deterznination.[5851[5861 Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an Office of Legal Counsel opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.[5871 The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".I] The House of Representatives subsequently launched an impeachment inquiry following the Trump—Ukraine scandal, but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.15891[59° Several Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases. Manafort, convicted on eight felony counts,15911 deputy campaign manager Rick Gates,15921 foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos,L52a1 and Michael Flynn 15941[5951 Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.5g6) In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to 4o months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president" 5597] First impeachment In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during which Trump had pressured Zelenskyy to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his. son Hunter, adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.15981 The whistleblower stated that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Giuliani that may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[5991 • Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755 (https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-cc December 18, 2019 House Speaker Nancy Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24560°1 Trump then confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for thedecision.[6°11 6(-17 '1 2 On September 25, the Trump administration released a memorandum of the phone call which confirmed that, after Zelenskyy mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked him to discuss investigating Biden and his son with Giuliani and Attorney General William Ban.1598116°31 The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that his was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advan e in the upcoming presidential election.[6°41 In October, William B. Taylor Jr., the charge for Ukraine, testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelenskyy was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelenskyy into making a public commitment investigating the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well htips://en.wikipedia.orgrwiki/Donald_Trump 30182 EFTA00263395 5/22/22. 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. 6 [225.1 He said it was made clear that until Zelenskyy made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelenskyy to the White House 1.§20 On December 13, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress. 6 1-5173 After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18 E6S Impeachment trial in the Senate The Senate impeachment trial began on January i6, 202(1[6091 On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record. tsai For three days; January 22-24, the House impeachment managers presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment processpui Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.(612] They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offenseifig1 2 On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.143,1 The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony. Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican Senate majority, 52-48 on abuse of power and 53-47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator Mitt Romnq was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one of the charges, the abuse of power.16is 41/4-Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.E6161 AZOSE or Pow. - cc.>barcias e4rrt-t EPARVIEE RackrisicelAsipmccorilAffifc4Q caliset• ct. ensaswg- EtecArCS 2020 presidential election Trump displaying the front page of The Washington Post reporting his acquittal by the Senate Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency. 61 He held his first re-election rally less than a month after taking officel6i81 and officially became the Republican nominee in August 2020 16121 In his first two years in—•office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million and began 2019 with $19.3 million in cash i@l4. By July 2020, the Trump campaign and the Republican Party had raised $1.1 billion and spent $800 million, losing their cash advantage over Democratic nominee Joe Biden.E41 The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale back advertising spending. - https://en.wikipedia.orgreeki/DonaldTrump 31/92 EFTA00263396 5/22/22. 1:11 PM Donald Trump - Wikipedia Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, claiming without evidence that the election would be rigged and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce massive election fraud.i623E624I In July Trump raised the idea of delaying the election (6251 When in August the House of Representatives voted for a $25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by 26j6 He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a peaceful transition of power if he lost.E6271628l Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won the presidency.1629J Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's p —Z. 1-g iot 3°1[6314 and shifted to appeals to racism.M Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million